The Importance of Renewable Energy Sources - 1159 Words

1. Introduction Currently the renewable energy issue is intensely acknowledged, both by the specialists and general public. There has been published a huge amount of literature in the field of renewable energy sources, which has increased in the last years in absolute and relative terms [1]. Nevertheless, the debate regarding the support instruments and schemes for the development of renewable energy projects is far from being over, since more and more companies and public authorities are involved. This study examines the public policies to support the development of renewable energy in Romania, with the aim to disclose their objectives, regulations, measures, results and changes made in recent years. Therefore, this study examines firstly the support schemes for the development of renewable energy in the European Union, underlining the arguments to support the renewable energy, as well as the main barriers for its development. Secondly, this study analyses the renewable energy sector in Romania in terms of theoretical and economic potential, production and consumption of renewable energy, and legislation related to the renewable energy. Thirdly, this study discloses the main issues of the public renewable energy policy in Romania, starting with an overview of the tradable green certificates system, and revealing the changes of the Romanian support scheme and the possible effects of the policy changes. The research was conducted using evidence provided by articles (such asShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Drilling On Offshore Drilling1667 Words   |  7 Pagesoffshore drilling must be more strictly regulated, and a shift towards clean, renewable energy must be made. In light of this disaster this is a controversial claim due to the United States current reliance on offshore drilling and the scandalously close relationship between oil companies and the agency that regulates them. 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Marriage Is Private Affair Free Essays

Marriage is private affair 1. Nnaemeka sees the marriage as an affair as her wife does not belong to his husband’s race and some of her actions contradicts with their race religion and his father will surely disapprove the marriage. Nene believed the marriage was not an affair as she believe marriage is a happy thing and parents will be happy about their child’s marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage Is Private Affair or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Religion is everything during the time the story happens. It’s not only a belief, it represents good and evil of a person’s character : if a person follow the religion, he’s a good man. People become superstitious in religion and their free wills were robbed from them. 3. The tribesmen allowed only marriage within their tribesmen because they thought their tribes were strong and allowing other tribes to marry their tribesmen will make their bloodline impure and thus imperfect. One trumps the other means believing one better than all the others. In here, the tribes believed their bloodline was the strongest and therefore forbid other tribes to mix into their bloodline. Marriage is private affair 1. Nnaemeka sees the marriage as an affair as her wife does not belong to his husband’s race and some of her actions contradicts with their race religion and his father will surely disapprove the marriage. Nene believed the marriage was not an affair as she believe marriage is a happy thing and parents will be happy about their child’s marriage. 2. Religion is everything during the time the story happens. It’s not only a belief, it represents good and evil of a person’s character : if a person follow the religion, he’s a good man. People become superstitious in religion and their free wills were robbed from them. 3. The tribesmen allowed only marriage within their tribesmen because they thought their tribes were strong and allowing other tribes to marry their tribesmen will make their bloodline impure and thus imperfect. One trumps the other means believing one better than all the others. In here, the tribes believed their bloodline was the strongest and therefore forbid other tribes to mix into their bloodline. How to cite Marriage Is Private Affair, Papers

T Shirt Printing Feasibility Study free essay sample

This helps in eliminating not only internal competition but also ensuring that economies of scale is achieved. As the above structure was first evolved at Amul in Gujarat and thereafter replicated all over the country under the Operation Flood Programme, it is known as the ‘Amul Model’ or ‘Anand Pattern’ of Dairy Cooperatives. Responsible for Marketing of Milk amp; Milk Products Responsible for Procurement amp; Processing of Milk Responsible for Collection of Milk Responsible for Milk Production. State Marketing Federation GCMMF District Milk Processing Unions 16 Village Co-operative Societies 16,117 Milk Producers [All milk producers in a village] 3. 18 Million State Marketing Federation GCMMF District Milk Processing Unions 16 Village Co-operative Societies 16,117 Milk Producers [All milk producers in a village] 3. 18 Million Village Dairy Cooperative Society (VDCS) The milk producers of a village, having surplus milk after own consumption, come together and form a Village Dairy Cooperative Society (VDCS). The Village Dairy Cooperative is the primary society under the three-tier structure. It has membership of milk producers of the village and is governed by an elected Management Committee consisting of 9 to 12 elected representatives of the milk producers based on the principle of one member, one vote. The village society further appoints a Secretary (a paid employee and member secretary of the Management Committee) for management of the day-to-day functions. It also employs various people for assisting the Secretary in accomplishing his / her daily duties. The main functions of the VDCS are as follows: * Collection of surplus milk from the milk producers of the village amp; payment based on quality amp; quantity * Providing support services to the members like Veterinary First Aid, Artificial Insemination services, cattle-feed sales, mineral mixture sales, fodder amp; fodder seed sales, conducting training on Animal Husbandry amp; Dairying, etc * Selling liquid milk for local consumers of the village * Supplying milk to the District Milk Union Thus, the VDCS in an independent entity managed locally by the milk producers and assisted by the District Milk Union. District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union (Milk Union) The Village Societies of a District (ranging from 75 to 1653 per Milk Union in Gujarat) having surplus milk after local sales come together and form a District Milk Union. The Milk Union is the second tier under the three-tier structure. It has membership of Village Dairy Societies of the District and is governed by a Board of Directors consisting of 9 to 18 elected representatives of the Village Societies. The Milk Union further appoints a professional Managing Director (paid employee and member secretary of the Board) for management of the day-to-day functions. It also employs various people for assisting the Managing Director in accomplishing his / her daily duties. The main functions of the Milk Union are as follows: * Procurement of milk from the Village Dairy Societies of the District * Arranging transportation of raw milk from the VDCS to the Milk Union * Providing input services to the producers like Veterinary Care, Artificial Insemination services, cattle-feed sales, mineral mixture sales, fodder amp; fodder seed sales, etc * Conducting training on Cooperative Development, Animal Husbandry amp; Dairying for milk producers and conducting specialised skill development amp; Leadership Development training for VDCS staff amp; Management Committee members * Providing management support to the VDCS along with regular supervision of its activities State Cooperative Milk Federation (Federation) The Milk Unions of a State are federated into a State Cooperative Milk Federation. The Federation is the apex tier under the three-tier structure. It has membership of all the cooperative Milk Unions of the State and is governed by a Board of Directors consisting of one elected representative of each Milk Union. The State Federation further appoints a Managing Director (paid employee and member secretary of the Board) for management of the day-to-day functions. It also employs various people for assisting the Managing Director in accomplishing his daily duties. The main functions of the Federation are as follows: * Marketing of milk amp; milk products processed / manufactured by Milk Unions * Establish distribution network for marketing of milk amp; milk products * Arranging transportation of milk amp; milk products from the Milk Unions to the market * Creating amp; maintaining a brand for marketing of milk amp; milk products (brand building) * Providing support services to the Milk Unions amp; members like Technical Inputs, management support amp; advisory services * Pooling surplus milk from the Milk Unions and supplying it to deficit Milk Unions Amul’s Supply Chain Model Suppliers A majority of the suppliers are small or marginal farmers who are often illiterate, poor, and with liquidity problems as they lack direct access to financial institutions. Again, traditional market mechanisms are not adequate to assure sustenance and growth of these suppliers. Logistics Milk and other dairy products are highly perishable. Significant logistics problems arise both in collection of the milk from farm and the distribution of varieties of milk products to retailers and customers. Milk and milk products are affected by temperature variation, humidity, other environmental conditions and transportation time. Therefore, it is extremely important that transportation time, handling, storage and other requirements are well planned in order to maintain the product characteristics till they reach to the customers. Customer service management requires logistic management flexibility at supply, production and distribution levels. In co-operative dairy environment, increasing levels of product variety and customization and the ability to respond to customer orders in a timely fashion can provide a critical competitive advantage. Co-operative dairies are indicating that responsiveness and flexibility are the keys to responding to markets, which are rapidly changing and require a range of products and services for customers. Most of co-operative dairies operating in India have contractual relationships with third party logistics service providers (3PLSPs). The outsourcing decision is influenced by firm’s (co-operative dairies’) perception of 3PLSP’s abilities, the way in which 3PLSP’s job functions are defined and their capabilities are perceived, based on the firm’s (co-operative dairies’) underlying reasons for outsourcing. The nature of the outsourcing contract and firm’s perception of 3PLSP’s role is largely driven by the underlying factors which influence the original decision to outsource. Organization Structure of GCMMF GCMMF was a lean organization, which their executives believed led to a cost advantage. At its headquarters in the town of Anand, three General Managers and two assistant General Managers assisted the Managing Director (or the Chief Executive). The three General Managers looked after the functions of Marketing, Human Resource Development (HRD) and Quality Assurance. The General Manager (Marketing) was in charge of the whole marketing operation of the dairy products, liquid milk and ice cream. This General Manager was assisted by one Assistant General Manager (Marketing, Dairy Products) and Managers (Commercial), (Exports) and (Liquid Milk). The General Manager (HRD) also looked after edible oils, administration, legal matters and new opportunities. The whole country was divided into five zones, each headed by a Zonal Manager responsible for the sales of all the products under his zone. They reported to the Chief Executive (Managing Director), but functionally each reported also to the various Assistant General Managers/General Managers at the headquarters. Under the zonal managers were the branch managers. Generally there were three product managers in each branch reporting to the branch manager: one each for the edible oil, dairy products and ice cream. They were assisted by sales officers and field salespersons. There were 48 sales offices spread over the country (of which only two were in Gujarat). The entire country had been represented in this structure. GCMMF had one overseas office, at Dubai. Quality Policy GCMMF’s TQM activities undertaken include: †¢ Small Group Activities (SGA) †¢ Kaizen recording †¢ Other related TQM activities co-ordinate through HRD Department Annual management activities undertaken include: †¢ NPD Launch Plan †¢ Annual Trade Scheme/BTL/POP Calendar Annual Advertising Plan †¢ Annual Marketing Plan †¢ Fixing Annual Sales Targets †¢ Hoshin Kanri Preparation every six months Note on Hoshin Kanri: Hoshin Kanri provides an opportunity to continually improve performance by disseminating and deploying the vision, direction, targets, and plans of corporate management to top management and to all employees so that people at all job levels can continually act on the p lans, and evaluate, study, and provide feedback results as a part of a continual improvement process. The intention is that, in companies using Hoshin Kanri, everybody is aware of theirs and managements Critical Success Factors (CSF’s) and Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s), departments do not compete against each other, projects run to successful conclusions, and business is seen as a set of coordinated processes. GCMMF and Its Programme for Management of Change The Government of India liberalized its dairy sector in 1991, making it possible for private players to enter this industry (it was hitherto reserved for the co-operative sector). Based on this stimulus, GCMMF looked at all its operations, strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities available, and came to the conclusion that it had to become more customer centred (rather than merely being farmer or supplier centred, as was the case hitherto). This required paying close attention to the customer needs and quality. GCMMF realized that it was not enough that GCMMF itself was wedded to these ideas; the entire supply chain had to conform. Hence it launched a â€Å"Total Quality Management† or TQM to ensure the high quality of the products from the starting point (the village farmer who supplied milk) right through the value chain until it reached the consumer. This meant the need for the involvement of farmers, transporters, factory personnel, wholesalers and retailers, each of whom had a role to play. For example, if the retailer did not take care with his refrigeration, the product could deteriorate, leading to a bad name for GCMMF and for its brand Amul. What began as a TQM movement gradually became a movement for management of change in the entire value chain. GCMMF’s Management of Change (MOC) initiative was launched in six areas: cleanliness of the dairy co-operative societies, planning and budgeting of the dairy cooperative society, artificial insemination service, quality testing and milk measurement by the dairy co-operatives, animal feeding and management practices and self leadership development. The distribution network Amul products are available in over 500,000 retail outlets across India through its network of over 3,500 distributors. There are 47 depots with dry and cold warehouses to buffer inventory of the entire range of products. GCMMF transacts on an advance demand draft basis from its wholesale dealers instead of the cheque system adopted by other major FMCG companies. This practice is consistent with GCMMFs philosophy of maintaining cash transactions throughout the supply chain and it also minimizes dumping. Wholesale dealers carry inventory that is just adequate to take care of the transit time from the branch warehouse to their premises. This just-in-time inventory strategy improves dealers return on investment (ROI). All GCMMF branches engage in route scheduling and have dedicated vehicle operations. IT at Amul Notwithstanding the traditional nature of its business, the management decided to adopt â€Å"Information technology integration† as a strategic thrust in 1995. The objective was to create new efficiencies in all aspects of the business, to enhance competitiveness, and to extend the market reach. Since that time, all of 650 staff has received computer and e-commerce training. Ecompetencies have been established at the supply and distribution ends of Amul’s business value chain. The GCMMF – Amul has taken the initiative of installing the AMCUS – Automatic Milk Collection Unit Systems at village societies to enhance the transparency of transaction between the farmer and the Co-Operative Society. These systems not only ensured the transparency but also gave Co-Operative societies a unique advantage by reducing the processing time to 10 percent of what it used to be prior to this. GCMMF indeed got the entire supplier nformation through the systems integration. The information related to members, fat content, volume of the milk procured and the amount payable to the member are accessible to the Co-Operative Society in the form of a database. There are 10755 village co-operatives in Gujarat that are now able to collect 6. 1 million litres of milk from 2 million members. Thanks to the use of IT, both transparency and trust have been enhanced . The success of AMCUS prompted the GCMMF to aggressively go on using Information Technology to capture the end-to-end data. GCMMF planned to cover all aspects of the value chain. These plans supports integration of the value chain activities destined towards the â€Å"Better Management Practices†. These efforts of GCMMF triggered the changes in the Villages; farmers kept themselves open for the changes. One of the Co-Operative unions â€Å"Banas dairy† started with educating the rural about the cattle, cleanliness and so on because of the systems that are already in place at AMCUS. The Dairy Information and Services Kiosk (DISK) is another initiative that is started with the help of IIM(A) by GCMMFL. There are many more in the pipeline of GCMMFL IT Initiatives. Various things like Enterprise wide Integrated Application Systems (EIAS) to integrate the Distribution side of the Supply chain, DISK – to upgrade the application at the Milk Collection Centers and to connect them to the Internet to access a specialized dairy portal with content delivered in the local language have already started giving the fruits to the rural poor, which has persuaded the rural folks to actively participate in IT Revolution of the dairy industry. Changes at Amul due to its IT revolution The time that is being taken to collect the milk in a society ranges from 5 to 6 hrs averaging at about 5 minutes per member after installing AMCUS. There is a comparative reduction of more than 75% of time that’s spent on each deal. Each farmer is getting paid for his milk deposited in society’s counter in another counter immediately on a real time basis. Now villagers were able to send their emails from AMCUS to anywhere in the world and DISK is expected to arrive at the village cooperatives this year enabling the villagers to learn from the net and connecting with enterprise systems of GCMMF. The DISK project conceptualized by IIM–A will have the interconnectivity to a dairy portal at a district levels, that serves the information for village cooperative society members. The application software provide to cooperatives will include: * Data analysis and decision support to help rural milk collection society in improving its performance * Data analysis to improve productivity the yield from cattle * Farmers with facilities to place orders for goods and service offered by different agencies in the dairying sector and collaborates on subjects of interest The services to be offered at this center are: * Information service related to dairying * Access to multimedia database on innovations captured by SRISHTI (NGO working IIMA) from all the villages over Gujarat * Communication facilities such as e-mail, fax, net phone * Banking centers for payment for the farmers by using the milk cards which are already in place The basic requirements of DISK are already met by the village cooperatives. There might be an upgrade required for the software and hardware in place and an Internet connection would be required. For the portal at the unions, a small server and a leased line would be needed. The union portal can be implemented at a central location at one of the NDDB servers. Projects such as decision support systems and e-experience of Amul data mining packages are in pipeline of GCMMF action plan. IT Implementation Milk is collected at the co-operative milk collection centers located within 5-10 km of the villages supplying the milk. The number of farmers selling milk to these centers varies from 100 to 1000. The daily milk collection varies from 1000 to 10,000 litres. Each farmers is given plastic identity card. At the counter he drops the card into a box that reads it electronically and transmits the identification number to the PC. The milk is emptied into a steel can kept over the weighing scale. Instantly the weight of the milk is displayed to the farmer and communicated to a PC. The can is connected by tube to a big can, which transports milk to the dairy. One operator is required to fill the can. Another operator sitting next to the can takes a 5-ml, sample of milk and holds it up to a tube of an Electronic Milk-tester (a fat testing machine, which is a local adaptation of an expensive and sophisticated tester made by M/S. ASN Foss Electric, Denmark). The fat content is displayed to the farmer and communicated to the PC, which calculates the amount to be paid to the farmer based on the fat content of the milk. The total value of the milk is printed on a pay slip and given to the farmer who collects the payment from the adjoining window. The payment is automatically rounded to the nearest rupee and the balance due to the farmer is stored so it can be added to the farmer’s payout for the next day. In many centers the above transaction takes only 20 seconds. The system costs around $2000 and is currently being supplied by at least two private companies. There are 70,000 village societies in India, of which 2500 have been computerized. The farmers benefit as payment is now based on a quick and accurate measurement of fat content and weight and is not subject to the individual methods. Traditional methods require hours to calculate the fat content, as the measurement process (the conventional Gerber method requires laboratory equipment and corrosive chemicals) is cumbersome, and payment to farmers is made every ten days due to the time required by the collection centers to calculate the amount due. The IT system enables prompt, accurate, and immediate payment. The queues at the centers are short despite the number of people selling their milk being quite large. As 2500 centers receive milk from 400,000 farmers daily, the ten-minute savings comes to 180,000 man-days per month. The system also reduces the requirement of employees and makes the accounting a real time based one. The profit is calculated on the basis of data received from the dairy regarding the payment made by the dairy to the society for the previous day’s collection. The software can incorporate the revenue from daily milk sales to the local villagers and expenditure ncurred by the society. Since the accounts are kept accurate and up-to-date there is less likelihood of reducing corrupt practices. The IIMA E-Governance Centre has built upon the existing application by expanding the database at the milk societies to include a complete history of every cattle owned by the farmers. The basic details of breed and a history of disease, inoculations, artificial insemination and pregnancy are maintained in the system. The data history on milk production by individual farmers is also available in the database at the collection centers. EIAS, GIS and the websites The main benefit of Information and communications technology (ICT) has the power of integration and amenability to centralized monitoring. All the units are networked. GCMMF has connected its Zonal Offices, Guwahati Regional Office as well as Member Dairies, Milk Unions and its own Unit-Mother Dairy through VSAT for seamless exchange of â€Å"Online† information. All Sales Offices, Camp;F points amp; Wholesale distributors of GCMMF have been connected through TCP/IP Internet Mail Account for exchange of information. In addition to the above, GCMMF is using Geographical Information System (GIS) at its Head Office and key Marketing Offices. Using the All India Map in GIS, they are in position to plot zone/depot boundary as well as pointer for zone, depot amp; distributor locations, which are superimposed by product-wise sales data. The same is being used for sales amp; distribution planning and review. Moreover, GIS is being used for business planning activity at milk centres and it covers animal census data. This has helped them to know average milk production and productivity of cows and buffaloes in Gujarat and track the animals and trend analysis etc. The EIAS customized ERP packages of GCMMF is designed in such a way that is can be plugged into various points of supply chain. GCMMF is one among the first Indian corporate on the Web since 1996 and we have put Amul Cyber store as a first step towards e-commerce activity in India. This has helped us to interact directly with the consumers and delighting them with our values added services. GCMMF has linked under www. amul. com as a part of our amulb2b initiative. Today Amul’s Cyber Store offers its services in more than 120 cities. In order to attract more customers, GCMMF launched amulgreetings. om and amulkids. com to extend the brand identity to kids and teenagers who are increasing its target market for its ice creams and chocolates. By attempting to identify itself with every segment, GCMMF ensure that the brand was on top-of-the-mind of customers. The recipe section in amul. com site has also helping GCMMF to strengthen their position as ‘The Taste of Indiaâ€℠¢. By allowing the customers to directly interact and give their feedback using product names, which will be answered by the respective product manager will make customer happy.

Teenage Fanclub At The Marquee free essay sample

Teenage Fanclub are the most hideous, repulsive, talentless schmucks Ive ever seen or heard. Theyre about as attractive as the puss-filled scabs on my knees, and do they actually consider that irritating crap that they play music? Since a lot of Teenage Fanclubs songs are about imaginary people, I decided to open my review with my own creation of the thoughts of an imaginary person. After all, what could be more imaginary than obnoxious comments about a brilliant band? Anyway, the Scottish foursome recently played a show at the Marquee in New York City, promoting their third album, and U.S. debut, Bandwagonesque. The crowd, which was large and diverse, consisted of everything from punks, hippies, and clueless businessmen, to enthusiastic stagedivers and air-rolling high school kids. Nonetheless, I was able to get a comfortable spot right in front of the stage, and a picturesque view of the young band. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage Fanclub At The Marquee or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They looked almost as perfect as they sounded, pounding out most of the tracks from their latest album, as well as other favorites like God Knows Its True, So Far Gone, Everybodys Fool, Free Again, and Everything Flows. They even performed a hilarious version of a certain over-rated Seattle bands teen anthem, on request of a fan who jokingly blurted it out. Teenage Fanclub also kept the audience entertained by talking to us in between songs. Theyd do and say the funniest things. The audience loved it. Some fans even threw presents on stage. Teenage Fanclub is a talented rock band and they couldnt have performed better. The only thing I missed, which they did the last time I saw them, was seeing them trash the set. n

Critisism Analysis Essay Sample

Critisism Analysis Essay SampleCritisism analysis essay sample is one of the most popular analytical essays of all times. While writing it is important to know your strengths and weaknesses. These two factors are very much crucial to your success. With this, you can ensure that you do not get discouraged by reading negative reviews or analysis about your essay.Critisism analysis essay sample can also be used to analyse the subject of your choice. The more prepared you are, the better results you will achieve. This is because a certain degree of analysis is essential if you want to write an effective essay.You can download critique analysis essay sample and practice writing it. You can obtain critique analysis essay sample and practise with the computer software available on the internet. After you have practiced and developed an analysis of your own, you can upload the critique analysis essay sample onto the internet and share with your friends and colleagues for feedback.Remember th at critique analysis essay sample is a very useful tool in judging the quality of your work. This is the reason why you need to have good feedback on your writing process. You can find this feedback online, either in the form of critiques posted by experts or by others.Also remember that critique analysis essay sample is useful only if you are aware of the basics. The basic rule is that the analysis has to address the purpose of the essay. If you have not studied anything about the subject of your writing, the analysis will not be able to reach the objective and you will not be able to show the reader the required information in the essay.Another thing to remember is that critique analysis essay sample is not suitable for every essay. If you want to write a general essay, itis not possible for you to use critique analysis essay sample. If your main focus is on a particular topic, the analysis should be more specific.Finally, the best advice to give to you is that you should use crit ique analysis essay sample only when you are confident about the topic and you are fully aware of the form of the essay. You can learn more about critique analysis essay sample on the internet and get a better idea about how to use it.

Lord Charles Cornwallis, American Revolution Commander

Lord Charles Cornwallis, American Revolution Commander Charles Cornwallis (December 31, 1738–October 5, 1805), was a British peer, a Member of the House of Lords and the 2nd Earl of Cornwallis, who was a trusted member of the English government. Cornwallis was sent to America to manage the military aspects of colonial government, and despite losing there, he was subsequently sent to India and Ireland to do the same. Fast Facts: Lord Charles Cornwallis Known For: Military leader for the British in the American Revolution, other military responsibilities for British colonies of India and IrelandBorn: December 31, 1738 in London, EnglandParents: Charles, 1st Earl Cornwallis and his wife Elizabeth TownshendDied: October 5, 1805 in Ghazipur, IndiaEducation: Eton, Clare College at Cambridge, military school in Turin, ItalySpouse: Jemima Tullekin JonesChildren: Mary, Charles (2nd Marquess Cornwallis) Early Life Charles Cornwallis was born at Grosvenor Square, London on December 31, 1738, the eldest son of Charles, 1st Earl Cornwallis and his wife Elizabeth Townshend. Well-connected, Cornwallis mother was a niece of Sir Robert Walpole while his uncle, Frederick Cornwallis, served as Archbishop of Canterbury (1768–1783). Another uncle, Edward Cornwallis, established Halifax, Nova Scotia and attained the rank of lieutenant general in the British Army. After receiving his early education at Eton, Cornwallis graduated from Clare College at Cambridge. Unlike many wealthy young men of the time, Cornwallis elected to enter the military rather than pursue a life of leisure. After purchasing a commission as an ensign in the 1st Foot Guards on December 8, 1757, Cornwallis quickly distanced himself from other aristocratic officers by actively studying military science. This saw him spend time learning from Prussian officers and attending the military academy at Turin, Italy. Early Military Career In Geneva when the Seven Years War commenced, Cornwallis attempted to return from the continent but was unable to rejoin his unit before it departed Britain. Learning of this while in Cologne, he secured a position as a staff officer to Lieutenant General  John Manners, Marquess of Granby. Taking part in the Battle of Minden (August 1, 1759), he then purchased a captains commission in the 85th Regiment of Foot. Two years later, he fought with the 11th Foot at the Battle of Villinghausen (July 15-16, 1761) and was cited for bravery. The next year, Cornwallis, now a lieutenant colonel, saw further action at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal (June 24, 1762). Parliament and Personal Life While abroad during the war, Cornwallis was elected to the House of Commons representing the village of Eye in Suffolk. Returning to Britain in 1762 following the death of his father, he assumed the title of Charles, 2nd Earl Cornwallis and in November took his seat in the House of Lords. A Whig, he soon became a protege of future prime minister Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham. While in the House of Lords, Cornwallis was sympathetic toward the American colonies and was one of a small number of peers who voted against the Stamp and Intolerable Acts. He received command of the 33rd Regiment of Foot in 1766. In 1768, Cornwallis fell in love and married Jemima Tullekin Jones, the daughter of untitled Colonel James Jones. Settling in Culford, Suffolk, the marriage produced a daughter, Mary, and a son, Charles. Stepping back from the military to raise his family, Cornwallis served on the Kings Privy Council (1770) and as a Constable of the Tower of London (1771). With war in America beginning, Cornwallis was promoted to major general by King George III in 1775 despite his earlier criticism of the governments colonial policies. American Revolution Immediately offering himself for service, and despite the extreme objections of his wife, Cornwallis received orders to leave for America in late 1775. Given command of a 2,500-man force from Ireland, he encountered a string of logistical difficulties which delayed its departure. Finally putting to sea in February 1776, Cornwallis and his men endured a storm-filled crossing before rendezvousing with Major General Henry Clintons force, which was tasked with taking Charleston, South Carolina. Made Clintons deputy, he took part in the failed attempt on the city. With the repulse, Clinton and Cornwallis sailed north to join  General William Howes army outside of New York City. Fighting in the North Cornwallis played a key role in Howes capture of New York City that summer and fall and his men were frequently at the head of the British advance. In late 1776, Cornwallis was preparing to return to England for the winter but was forced to stay to deal with General George Washingtons army after the American victory at Trenton. Marching south, Cornwallis unsuccessfully attacked Washington and later had his rearguard defeated at Princeton (January 3, 1777). Though Cornwallis was now serving directly under Howe, Clinton blamed him for the defeat at Princeton, increasing tensions between the two commanders. The next year, Cornwallis led the key flanking maneuver that defeated Washington at the Battle of the Brandywine (September 11, 1777) and starred in the victory at Germantown (October 4, 1777). Following his capture of Fort Mercer in November, Cornwallis finally returned to England. His time at home was short however, as he rejoined the army in America, now led by Clinton, in 1779. That summer, Clinton decided to abandon Philadelphia and return to New York. While the army marched north, it was attacked by Washington at Monmouth Court House. Leading the British counterattack, Cornwallis drove back the Americans until being stopped by the main body of Washingtons army. That fall Cornwallis again returned home, this time to care for his ailing wife. Following her death on February 14, 1779, Cornwallis re-devoted himself to the military and took command of British forces in the southern American colonies. Aided by Clinton, he captured Charleston in May 1780. The Southern Campaign With Charleston taken, Cornwallis moved to subjugate the countryside. Marching inland, he routed an American army under Major General Horatio Gates at Camden in August and pushed up into North Carolina. Following the defeat of British Loyalist forces at Kings Mountain on October 7, Cornwallis withdrew back to South Carolina. Throughout the Southern Campaign, Cornwallis and his subordinates, such as Banastre Tarleton, were criticized for their harsh treatment of the civilian population. While Cornwallis was able to defeat conventional American forces in the South, he was plagued by guerrilla raids on his supply lines. On December 2, 1780, Major General Nathaniel Greene took command of American forces in the South. After splitting his force, one detachment, under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, routed Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens (January 17, 1781). Stunned, Cornwallis began pursuing Greene north. After reuniting his army, Greene was able to escape over the Dan River. The two finally met on March 15, 1781, at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. In heavy fighting, Cornwallis won a costly victory, forcing Greene to retreat. With his army battered, Cornwallis opted to continue the war in Virginia. Late that summer, Cornwallis received orders to locate and fortify a base for the Royal Navy on the Virginia coast. Selecting Yorktown, his army began building fortifications. Seeing an opportunity, Washington raced south with his army to lay siege to Yorktown. Cornwallis hoped to be relieved by Clinton or removed by the Royal Navy, however after the French naval victory at the Battle of the Chesapeake he was trapped with no choice but to fight. After enduring a three-week siege, he was forced to surrender his 7,500-man army, effectively ending the American Revolution. Later Career Cornwallis sailed home as a prisoner of war on parole, and on the way, the ship was captured by a French privateer. Cornwallis eventually reached London on January 22, 1782, but he did not secure his complete freedom until the Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783. He found that no one blamed him for the loss of the American colony, and, as early as the summer of 1782, he was offered the role of governor-general of India, then a colony of Great Britain. Politics delayed his acceptance- in part his own requirements to have a military role rather than a strictly political one- and in the interim, he made a fruitless diplomatic mission to Prussia to meet with Frederick the Great about a possible alliance with England. Cornwallis finally accepted the post of governor-general of India on February 23, 1786, and arrived in Madras in August. During his tenure, he proved an able administrator and a gifted reformer. While in India, his forces defeated the famed Tipu Sultan. At the end of his first term, he was made 1st Marquess Cornwallis and returned to England in 1794. He was engaged in a small way in the French Revolution and named master of the ordinance. In 1798, he was dispatched to Ireland as Lord Lieutenant and Commander-in-Chief of the  Royal Irish Army. After putting down an Irish rebellion, he aided in passing the Act of Union, which united the English and Irish Parliaments. Death and Legacy Resigning from the army in 1801, Cornwallis was again sent to India four years later. His second term proved short, though, as he grew ill and died in Ghazipur, capital of the Varanasi kingdom, on October 5, 1805, only two months after arriving. He is buried there, with his monument overlooking the Ganges River. Cornwallis was a British aristocrat and a member of Englands House of Lords, seemed sympathetic at times toward the American colonists, and opposed many of the Tory governments policies that offended them. But as a supporter of the status quo and a man of strong character and inflexible principles, he was trusted to aid in suppressing the rebellion in his post in America. Despite his losses there, he was sent to do the same in India and Ireland.

All 104 Need-Blind Colleges in the US A Complete Guide

All 104 Need-Blind Colleges in the US A Complete Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When universities go through admissions applications, they take many factors into consideration, like your grades, your extracurriculars, and even your personality! But many college applicants don’trealizethat some universities also consider youand your family’sability to pay tuition as well. The hard truth is that some universities use an applicant’s ability to pay tuition without financial aid as a factor in the admissions process. This became the subject of a 2015 article from Time Magazine, which explains that many universities consider how students can contribute to their institution financially when they make admissions decisions. This sounds like scary news. But don’t worry! Many schools are addressing the issue by transitioning to need-blind admissions policies, which remove economic status as an admissions criteria. In this guide, we’ll give you a complete list of need-blind colleges in the United States and answer all of your burning questions, including: What is need-blind admission? How do need-blind policies affect tuition costs? What should you look for in a need-blind school? So let’s get started! What Are Need-Blind Colleges and Universities? Simply put, need-blind colleges are schools where a student’s ability to pay tuition costs is not factored into the admissions decision. Yes, it’s really that simple! These universities only consider the non-financial parts of your applicationlike your essays, transcript, and letters of recommendationwhen deciding whether to offer you admission. But just because a university uses need-blind admissions processes doesn’t mean the school won’t ask you about your family’s finances. You will still have to submit your financial information through documents like the FAFSA, the College Board’s CSS profile, or university-specific forms. At a need-blind college, this information will only be used to calculate your aid package after you’ve been admitted. (More on that later.) Through need-blind admission, colleges are trying to level the playing field. The idea is that the admittance system becomes more merit-based: each student stands on their own achievement in high school, not on the wealth (or lack thereof) of their parents. For example, let’s say that Emma graduates in the top 5% of her class, serves as the student body treasurer, and scores a 34 on her ACT. But Emma also comes from a single-parent household where finances are tight. A need-blind university would only consider Emma’s stellar academicsnot her family’s incomewhen deciding whether to accept her. In other words, need-blind policies help admissions counselors evaluate each applicant on the basis of merit rather than economic class. As a result, need-blind policies tend make the admissions process a little more competitive. But Aren’t All Colleges Need-Blind? While it’s true that all universities are looking for excellent candidates that are good academic, intellectual, and cultural fits for their institutions, many universities weigh whether a student can pay for tuition during the application process. As Andrew Belasco, CEO of College Transitions explains, not all institutions have access to the same amount of financial aid funding. He says: â€Å"Reduced appropriations, rising costs and budget crunches have forced many institutions to increasingly rely on tuition revenue to meet expenses†¦ [and] in the case of two students with similar credentials, many colleges are likely to give preference to the student who is able to pay more out-of-pocket.† That is not to say that most universities only consider your financial ability to pay, or that it is even a top-tier consideration! But when it comes to making decisions on students who are on the borderline, familial finances can made the difference between an acceptance and a rejection letter. Tim Gouw/Unsplash How Do Need-Blind Policies Affect Tuition Costs? There is a common misconception that colleges that are need blind also offer students who cannot pay a full ride. That is not true: just because a university is need-blind does not mean that tuition is free! Just because you get into a need-blind college does not mean you are guaranteed a free ride. For example, take a look at Brown University need-blind admissions policy. It starts like this: Need-blind admission simply means that an applicant's ability to pay for their education will not be a factor in the admission decision. In other words, a candidate's financial need will not be taken into consideration when deciding to admit, wait list, or deny an applicant. Sounds pretty good, right? Just like any need blind school, Brown does not consider a student’s ability to pay when deciding whether to admit them or not. But the statement doesn’t end there. It also clarifies how this affects Brown’s financial obligations to admitted students, and vice versa. The rest of the policy says: Need-blind admission does not require that an applicant with demonstrated financial need be awarded financial aid, nor does it require that 100% of the applicant's demonstrated need be met. Okay, let’s break this second statement down. What Brown is saying is that although they don’t look at finances to decide whether to grant a student admission, the school doesn’t guarantee that anyoneincluding lower-income studentswill be awarded financial aid. That means you will still be on the hook to cover your tuition costs through grants, scholarships, and loans. The truth is that most need-blind schools are also top-tier institutions that will offer a financial aid package to students who demonstrate need. But that isn’t guaranteed funding, and it certainly isn’t a full ride! So be aware that you might have to pay some of your tuition out of pocket even if you are accepted into a need-blind university. Ryoji Iwata/Unsplash The 3 Types of Need-Blind Financial Aid Policies So what kind of financial aid can you expect from a need-blind university? As with most things, it changes from case to case. While every need-blind university has its own policies on financial aidcheck with each individual school to get the details!we have found that in general, need-blind universities fall into one of three categories when it comes to financial aid. Category 1: Full Need, No Loans Schools So what exactly does it mean for a school to be â€Å"full need, no loans†? Full need schools are universities that promise to make sure that a student’s demonstrated financial need will be covered through financial aid opportunities without requiring student loans. Put another way, a full need, no loans school will offer a 100% financial aid package that does not include loans! This is awesome, especially since the average college student graduates with $37,172 in student debt. Need-blind schools with no loans policies are committed to helping provide students with excellent educations without burdening them with loan repayments after graduation. This is really important for moderate- to low-income students whose loan burdens might be disproportionately large compared to their more affluent counterparts. The one caveat to full need, no loans schools is that they only guarantee to cover a student’s â€Å"demonstrated financial need,† which refers to the difference between the cost of tuition and what your family can pay. So let’s look at Emma once again. She has been admitted to a full need, no loans school that costs $48,000 a year in tuition. After looking Emma’s FAFSA form, the school calculates that Emma’s family should be able to contribute $5,000 a year to her education. That means that Emma’s demonstrated financial need is the difference between those two numbers, or $42,000 a year. Because Emma’s school is full need, they provide a financial aid package that covers every penny of that $42,000 through a combination of scholarships, grants, and work study opportunities with no federal or private loans! As you can imagine, full need, no loans schools are pretty rare. In fact, as of 2017 there are only 18 universities in the U.S. that meet full financial need for each student with a no-loans policy. We’ve bolded their names in our master list of need-blind universities below, so be sure to check whether your dream school offers this opportunity. Category 2: Full Need With Loans Schools A need-blind university that is full need with loans is very similar to their â€Å"no loans† counterparts. These schools also guarantee to cover 100% of a student’s demonstrated financial need through a financial aid packagethe only difference is that this package might include loans alongside grant, scholarship, and work opportunities. Let’s see how this might affect Emma, who has also been accepted into a â€Å"full need with loans† school with an annual tuition rate of $43,000. Since this university also uses the FAFSA to determine a student’s demonstrated financial need, they also calculate that Emma’s family can contribute $5,000 a year to her education. That means Emma’s demonstrated financial need comes to $38,000 a year. The school offers Emma a financial aid package that covers the full $38,000...only unlike the first school, this financial aid package contains a Stafford Loan, too. That means when Emma graduates from a full need with loans university, she will have a small amount of student debt to repay unlike at a no loans school. Category 3: No Guaranteed Financial Aid Schools The third category of need-blind universities are schools that use need-blind policies for admissions but offer no guarantee for financial aid. As we mentioned before, most students can expect to receive some amount of financial aid from a need-blind university. But in this case, the financial aid is not guaranteed to cover a student’s demonstrated financial need, and it will often leave a gap that a student will have to fill beyond their already-determined family contribution. We know this sounds complicated, so let’s try to simplify it a bit. Take Cody for example. He has been accepted to a need-blind school that is not full need. The yearly tuition is $40,000 a year, and the school calculates that Cody’s family can contribute $15,000 a year to his education. That makes Cody’s demonstrated financial need $25,000. The school also offers Cody a financial aid package upon admission made up of scholarships and loans that covers $20,000, or 80%, of his demonstrated financial need. That leaves $5,000 uncovered, so Cody will have to find another way to make up that cost, such as private loans or outside employment. Like we mentioned earlier, your need-blind school might have a financial aid policy that differs slightly from the three we’ve talked about above. That’s why it’s important to check with your school’s admissions and financial aid offices to understand what options are available to you! What Should You Look for in a Need-Blind College? Now that you understand what a need-blind university is and how that translates to your pocketbook, here are three things you should look for when considering a need-blind college. #1: Make Sure the School Is the Right Fit for You Need-blind colleges are great institutions that often offer generous financial packages to qualified students. But it is most important that you choose a school that’s a good fit for you. A need-blind college might sound great on paper, but if it doesn’t offer the major or opportunity you have your heart set on, it’s probably worth applying to other institutions as well. #2: Check the School’s Financial Need Calculator Every school has its own tuition calculator to help you understand what the actual cost of tuition will be. Here are the tuition calculators for two need-blind schools: Yale University and Tulane University. While these will not predict the exact makeup of your potential financial aid package, a tuition calculator will clarify what you will have to pay out of pocket to attend. It is critical that you use the tuition calculator for each university when trying to determine your financial need. Your FAFSA will give you a general idea of your financial contribution, but many schoolsespecially elite institutionsuse their own proprietary formula to calculate your demonstrated financial need. The only way to get an accurate idea is to type your numbers into each calculator and see what comes out. #3: Don’t Let the Potential Aid Package Keep You From Applying to Your Dream School Remember: your FAFSA and a tuition calculator do not a financial aid package make! Don’t get discouraged if the number the forms spit out is higher than you can pay. Universities look at student need on a case-by-case basis, so your financial aid package might be more generous than you would think! Also keep in mind that the calculators don’t account for outside scholarship money, so additional awards can help bring down costs. Joey Csunyo/Unsplash A Complete List of Need-Blind Colleges in the United States Here is a complete list of need-blind universities in the United States in 2018. We’ve also bolded the names of full-need, no-loans schools to help you in your decision-making process. The colleges are: Adrian College Harvard University SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Amherst College Harvey Mudd College Swarthmore College Babson College Haverford College Syracuse University Barnard College Hiram College The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) Baylor University Jewish Theological Seminary Thomas Aquinas College Biola University Johns Hopkins University Trinity University Boston College Julliard Tufts University Boston University Kenyon College Tulane University Bowdoin College Lawrence University University of Chicago Brandeis University Lehigh University University of Illinois at Chicago Brown University Lewis Clark College University of Maryland Robert H. Smith School of Business Cal Poly San Luis Obispo Marist College University of Miami California Institute of Technology (Caltech) Marlboro College University of New Hampshire Carnegie Mellon University Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapman University Middlebury College University of Notre Dame Claremont McKenna College Mills College University of Pennsylvania Columbia University Mount St. Mary’s College University of Richmond Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art New York University (NYU) University of Rochester Cornell College North Carolina State University (NCSU) University of Southern California (USC) Cornell University North Central College University of Vermont Dartmouth College Northeastern University University of Virginia Davidson College Northwestern University University of Washington Denison University Penn State Ursuline College DePaul University Pomona College Vanderbilt University Duke University Princeton University Vassar College Elon University Providence College Wabash College Emory University Randolph College Wake Forest University School of Medicine Fairleigh Dickinson University (FDU) Rice University Washington University in St. Louis (WashU) Florida State University Salem College Wellesley College Fordham University San Jose State University (SJSU) Wesleyan University Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering Soka University of America Williams College Georgetown University St. John’s College Yale University Grinnell College St. Olaf College Yeshiva University Hamilton College Stanford University What’s Next? The idea behind need-blind admissions is that it focuses on merit rather than financial status. This is a great thing, but it also makes getting admitted a little more competitive. Get the inside scoop on the people who will be reading your essay, and learn what admissions officers are looking for in top applications. Regardless of whether your top university is on the need-blind admissions list, most students need to know how much financial aid they qualify for before they commit to a school. Here’s our comprehensive list of every college that offers 100% financial aid. Many financial aid packages offer students work study opportunities. Learn more about work study and how it can help you pay for your education. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.