The Internet s Own Boy By Aaron Swartz - 1374 Words

There is no doubt that the power of language is a major component in influencing Australia’s contemporary society. Documentary film texts such as Brian Knappenberger’s 2014 expository style documentary ‘The Internet’s Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz’ as well as Alex Gibney’s 2013, ‘We Steal Secrets’, position Australian audiences to feel a certain way about privileged social and cultural issues. The texts do this through their use of language features and devices such as editing, non-diegetic sound, emotive language. Through the texts incorporation of these language features and devices, they are able to appeal to our societies values of the truth and anti-authoritarianism. The true power of language in Australian contemporary society†¦show more content†¦This anti-authoritarianism has stemmed from the Irish, who made up close to one third of the colonies that came to Australia in 1788. There are many historic pieces that highlight Irish heritage as a major reason for Australia’s anti-authoritarian traits and values, and an example of this is Professor Thomas Bartlett’s article on the Irish rebellion of 1798. According to Barlett, ‘The Irish rebelled against government, and this lead to weeks of rioting and social un-rest.’ The ideology that government figures were not the be all and end all of society bled into Australian culture, and so to this day, we remain strong in our anti-authoritarian values. Because of the documentary’s appeal to this traditional Australian value, through its use of non- diagetic sound, we align ourselves with the documentaries major reading: To see the secrecy and idiocy of governm ent. It is clear that Knappenberger’s ability to position his audience comes largely from his incorporation language features throughout his documentary, this inturn highlights the true power that language features have on Australia’s Contemporary society. Similarly, Gibney’s documentary, ‘We Steal Secrets’, positions Australian audiences to align with the documentary’s major reading: To see the secrecy of government, through their use of editing. Andy Grieve, the editor of the documentary, positions the viewer through his selection of sequenced clips. In the film,

Artemisia Gentileschi - 2144 Words

Artemisia Gentileschi the Renaissance Feminist Artist Manuel Hernandez Devry University Abstract Why exactly is Artemisia Gentileschi considered an early feminist? Doing a brief search and looking into her artwork, even for a brief amount of time and you quickly see why she was considered so. Her gender as well as the things she went through and experienced in her life heavily influenced Artemisia Gentileschi’s artwork. Some of the more famous and controversial paintings focus on females as being the main protagonist. There is plenty of controversy surrounding the paintings as well, since her father Orazio Gentileschi a painter in his own right trained her. Some of her early paintings are questioned and he is given credit for them.†¦show more content†¦They have fought for equality and to this day continue to do so even as the world progresses towards obtaining equality for everyone regardless of gender or race. Artemisia Gentileschi through her portrayal of woman as her main antagonist is considered by many to be one of the earliest feminist and would deserve pl enty of credit if and when mankind finally gets to that point. There is many articles and facts on the website by Brash, the entire website is dedicated and in memory of Artemisia Gentileschi. Her painting are displayed and portrait here in full effect and give a wonderful insight into the paintings and the though process behind them. All of Artemisia’s controversial painting are show and dissected to show why exactly they caused quite a stir back in the day. Judith slaying Holofernes (P.4) for example is shown and the author describes how it was a bloody and gruesome painting in those times. As is shows a woman named Judith saving the Jewish people by killing an Assyrian general. The Artemisia Gentileschi article essentially follows Artemisia’s life and gives a biography of everything she went through and the kind of effect her paintings had. It gives insight into her life and takes you back to when she was a child, giving you a better understanding of why she became a feminist. This article tells you all about how Artemisia lost her mother at a young age and then was raped by one of herShow MoreRelatedRenaissance And Artemisia Gentileschi ( Baroque )1978 Words   |  8 PagesLane---Sofonisba Anguissola (Renaissance) and Artemisia Gentileschi(Baroque) The renaissance began in Italy from the 14th to the 16th century, and was followed by the baroque period which roughly was between 16th to 17th century, each revolutionized the period prior. This is perfectly represented by two very different and yet very similar artists: Sofonisba Anguissola and Artemisia Gentileschi. Though one more so paved-the-way for the other, there connection appears to have nearly materialized outRead MoreArtemisia Gentileschi1979 Words   |  8 Pagesto an exhibition in Milan titled: â€Å"Artemisia: storia di una passione† (â€Å"Artemisia: history of a passion†). The exhibition was sponsored by the Assessorato alla Cultura of the Comune of Milano and curated by Roberto Contini and Francesco Solinas, with the scenographic and theatrical work of Emma Dante. Artemisia Gentileschi (Rome 1593 - Naples 1652/53) was a Roman painter, daughter of the painter Orazio Gentileschi and Prudenza Montone (who died when Artemisia was twelve). First of six childrenRead MoreThe Life of Artemisia Gentileschi1131 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Artemisia Gentileschi Italian Baroque painter, Artemisia Gentileschi was born in Rome on July 8th, 1593. Her father Orazio Gentileschi, who was a painter himself, introduced Artemisia to the art of painting by giving her lessons in his studio. At an early age, Artemisia displayed her interest in art and it wasn’t long until her father noticed potential in his daughter enough that she would be able to make a name for herself in the male-dominated career. Artemisia had the desire to followRead MoreArtemisia Gentileschi Essay1792 Words   |  8 PagesArtemisia Gentileschi (1593-1653) Considered one of the most important artists of the Baroque movement in Early Modern Europe, Artemisia Gentileschi, had to prove herself and break down the boundaries for a woman in a male dominated field. Artemisia was born in Rome on July 8, 1953 to Orazio and Prudentia Monotone Gentileschi, who died when the artist was only twelve years of age. Her upbringing was left to her father, who was also a well-known painter. He trained her since she was not permittedRead MoreArtemisia Gentileschi, Venus and Cupid956 Words   |  4 PagesMariam Ahmad Art History 102 April 28, 2011 Artemisia Gentileschi, Venus and Cupid, ca. 1625-30. Oil on canvas, 38 x 56 5/6 inches. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, VA. Artemisia Gentileschi’s Venus and Cupid is a painting of an angel caressing a woman resting on the bed. In actuality, the painting is about Venus, the Goddess of Love, who is asleep in a very luxurious and classical environment. While she is asleep, Cupid diligently wields a peacock-feathered fan to keep away pestsRead MoreThe Life of Artemisia Gentileschi, Baroque Painter Essay528 Words   |  3 PagesThe Life of Artemisia Gentileschip Artemisia Gentileschi is believed to have been born around 1593 and died around 1652. nbsp;Both dates are disputed to the current day. nbsp;She was one of five children and was born into the life of an artist. nbsp;Her father, who was an artist as well, loved her greatly. nbsp;Her mother died when she was twelve. nbsp;Artemisia was always a skilled painter, but her father wanted even more for her daughter. nbsp;While her works were already amazing for herRead MoreThe Renaissance Period And Artemisia Gentileschi Of The Baroque Period2173 Words   |  9 Pagesmale artists, female artists did, in fact, make significant contributions to their respective art movements. This paper will discuss and compare the lives and works of two Italian painters: Sofonisba Anguissola of the Renaissance period and Artemisia Gentileschi of the Baroque period. Sofonisba Anguissola Sofonisba Anguissola was born between 1532 and 1535 to Bianca Ponzona and a Cremonese nobleman name Almicare Anguissola, and she was the oldest of six daughters and one son. In the past, women wereRead MoreThe Grand Canyon, A Landscape Made From Mixed Media1291 Words   |  6 Pageswalls they have contacted regarding the media they have used and the art they created. Rose Eager was an artist who created works that were made of multiple media on a textured canvas. Our textbook explains how some female artists such as Artemisia Gentileschi, has their work ignored because of their gender. This was a seventeenth century artist, Eager, however was born in 1933. Eager began getting into art after her nursing career, and she excelled in art programs she was involved in. Feminism criticismsRead MorePower And Power In Judith Slaying Holofernes By Artemisia Gentileschi1154 Words   |  5 Pagesuncommon themes in art, however, few paintings depict bloodshed and power with such resounding naturalism as Artemisia Gentileschis work titled Judith Slaying Holofernes. The work is an oil on canvas completed in the Baroque era sometime between 1614 to 1620, and depicts Judith and her maidservant holding down the struggling Holofernes as Judith pulls a sword through his neck. Gentileschi utilizes a combination of chiaroscuro and diagonal lines to not only create the lifelikeness and drama of theRead MoreEssay Judith and Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes1057 Words   |  5 PagesI had never heard of the artist Artemisia Gentileschi before this introductory Art course. Of all the paintings and sculptures found within the book, it was her work that s tood out and spoke to me. Judith and Maidservant with the head of Holofernes is a particularly rich oil painting by the Italian Gentileschi, painted circa 1625 Europe. Her large canvas measures 72 and 1/2 inches by 55 and 3/4 inches and began as a biblical story telling inspiration come to life within the oil. Located at the

Foxconn Suicides Free Essays

Apple Inc. the designer and maker of electronic products found itself in the middle of a scandal that was formed within its organizational ecosystem (Daft, 2012, p. 71). We will write a custom essay sample on Foxconn Suicides or any similar topic only for you Order Now Starting in January 2010 employees at Foxconn an electronics manufacturer in China began to take their own lives in an attempt to bring attention to the poor working conditions, overcrowding, and long work hours (Daft, 2012, p. 108). These events are an example of actions or events that can originate within the international dimension of the external environment (Daft, 2012, p. 7). This event not only challenges the global mindset of the management within Apple, it forced the management to decide how the company wanted the public to continue to view it (Daft, 2012, p. 106). How will Apple’s management deal with the unethical practices at Foxconn? Apple’s management will benefit by applying the normative strategy in solving this ethical dilemma. By applying, the normative strategy Apple’s management can begin the process of solving this ethical dilemma by asking themselves the following questions. What’s in it for me? What decision would lead to the greatest good for the greatest number? What rules, policies, or social norms apply? What are my obligations to others? What will be the long-term impact for myself and important stakeholders (Daft, 2012, p. 147)? In addition to the normative strategy, Apple’s managers can use a technique called stakeholder mapping, which would consider everyone’s needs, expectations, and importance (Daft, 2012, p. 151). Next, add in the model for evaluating Foxconn’s social performance by use of the following criteria’s: economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary, and finally the use of Apple’s written code of ethics will give Apple’s managers a starting point in which to evaluate and determine which course of action they will take to solve this ethical decision caused at Foxconn (Daft, 2012). Apple’s ethics problem with their contract manufacturer Foxconn forced the management into a non-programmed decision (Daft, 2012, p. 71). There are three types of decision models that Apple had at their disposal, the three models are classical, administrative, and political. The political model is used to make non-programmed decisions (Daft, 2012, p. 279). This decision model still required the Apple’s management team to use the six steps in managerial decision making which are: recognition decision requirement, diagnosis and analysis of the causes, development of alternatives, selection of desired alternatives, and mplementation of chosen the alternative (Daft, 2012, p. 282). The outcomes from these decision models and tools resulted in a supplier code of conduct. This document details the expectations that Apple expects from their suppliers. Within this document list: working conditions, safety concerns, and labor issues (Duhigg ; Barboza 2012). Foxconn improved working conditions, installed suicide nets, placed latches on the windows, and added jump prevention wire (Fallows, 2012). In addition to these life-saving steps, Foxconn agreed to hire thousands of additional workers in an effort to reduce overtime work hours, and they also improved housing and safety protocols (Reuters, 2012). Although improvements have been made at Foxconn, Apple must continue to apply pressure on Foxconn to resolve all of their unethical practices. Apple will have to pay close attention to who they use as contractors so that their public image do not suffer. Events in China during the year 2010 embarrassed the electronics maker Apple, Inc. These events forced Apple’s managers to make managerial decisions about ethical practices employed by an outside vendor. The managers at Apple Inc used a number of decision-making models and tools to resolve the ethical issues at Foxconn. In result of these decisions, working conditions, safety protocols, living conditions, and working hours improved. How to cite Foxconn Suicides, Papers

Telemedicine and Remotely Located Advanced Healthcare Para-professionals free essay sample

An examination of whether Telemedicine will improve the quality of health care and its delivery for remotely located advanced health care para-professionals. This in-depth study explores the implication of implementation of Telemedicine as a professional genre. It shows what the installation of Telemedicine means to other scientists wanting to take this field further. The study analyzes the context of financial and medical systems and Telemedicines implication on Medicare. The author of the study recommends that the medical centers focus on the resulting benefits it can provide not only to the rural population but also the urban ones. Hence, to increase the spread and receptiveness of Telemedicine usefulness, organizations must promote it to the society as a whole. Table of Contents Introduction to Study Purpose Methodology Statement of Problem/Question to be Researched Statement of The Problem Introduction Background of The Problem Survey: The Literature The History of Telemedicine Telemedicine Application Telemedicine Technology Current Applications of Telemedicine Teleconferencing-Based Systems Cost Effectiveness vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Telemedicine and Remotely Located Advanced Healthcare Para-professionals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page System Effectiveness Barriers to The Use of Telemedicine Quality of Care Research Design and Collection of Information and/or Data Analysis of Data or Information or Research Results Conclusion VII. Bibliography Telemedicine is perhaps one of the fastest growing revolutionary technologies after computer-based patient records. According to a recent study, telemedicine, in all likelihood worth billions of precious health care dollars along with replacing 5 % of hospital stays, 5 % of nursing home care and another 20 % of home health visits. (Dakins 1995) The primary advantage that can be acquired through the field of telemedicine is that it allows patients and doctors to interact at a rapid speed mainly by way of computers and patient video cameras. To put it simply, physical distance between a doctor and a patient is greatly reduced as this interactive method of finding health practitioners brings the former to the patients thereby giving them a wide variety of doctors and surgeons to choose from [First Mayo Telemedicine Symposium, 1993].

Financial Statement Restatement Paper free essay sample

It is well known that over the past decade the amount of errors being discovered within the financial statements of publically held companies has risen. One such error was announced by the internet sales company Overstock. com in early 2009. Due to an accounting error, partners of the company were under billed by $1. 8 million dollars over the course of 2008. Overstock chose to record this entry incorrectly which falsely ballooned the companys revenues; in turn, causing them to record an incorrect profit of $1. million for the year ended December 31, 2008. Had this entry been booked correctly and within the guidelines of the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), Overstock would have recorded its earnings correctly, showing a loss of $0. 8 million. To make matters indefinitely worse; this was the second issue dealing with Overstocks financials in less than six months. Chris Kanaracus of the Journal, Computerworld, stated that problems had risen with Overstocks software and network provider Oracle in which Overstock employees did not properly hook up certain wires and when manually trying to fix the issue, some of these wires were verlooked. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Statement Restatement Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These seemingly small issues turned into a rather large problem that caused Overstock to have to restate its financials all the way back to 2003. For the restatement of the year-end 2008 financials, several accounting principals were violated. First is the principle of revenue recognition. The revenue recognition principal states that revenue must be recognized in the period the product or service is sold or rendered. Since the partners should have been billed in previous periods, the prior period statements should have been adjusted to show this change. Another rincipal not adhered to was the principal of conservatism. Conservatism, in general, states that when two or more options are available for recording an accounting transaction, the more conservative route be taken. In Overstocks case there were two options; the right way and the wrong way. Overstocks management made a bad choice and definitely not one that lingered anywhere near the conservative side. SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99 has several criteria that list whether or not a transaction should be deemed material and corrected amongst the prior period statements. Some of this criteria is; 1) whether the misstatement masks a change in earnings or other trends, 2) whether the misstatement hides a failure to meet analysts consensus expectations for the enterprise and 3) whether the misstatement changes a loss into income or vice versa. It is clear that the transaction to correct the forgotten billings in the amount of $1. 8 million should have, without a doubt, been recorded in the prior period financials in which the billings should have taken place. This error along with the mistakes of Overstocks staff when implementing its oftware has caused much distrust in the public eye regarding the company as a whole. Stock prices have fallen and for that, the stockholders have paid dearly. Todays economy is unkind to that of companies who abuse its investors trust. the general accounting standards this country has put into place and management that will adhere to these standards and ensure the companys financials remain free from misstatement going forward.

Education of People with Exceptionalities

Education of People with Exceptionalities Organizations are increasingly revolutionizing their management styles to meet the demands of the changing society. One of the concepts that have continued to gain currency is systems thinking. Systems thinking is the â€Å"process of understanding how things, regarded as systems, influence one another within a whole† (Hardman, Drew, Egan, 2012, p. 162). The principle is that each organization is a system of interdependent parts that work in harmony to achieve the desired goals and objectives (Meadows, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Education of People with Exceptionalities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In an organization that comprises people, processes and structures that work in harmony in the whole organization, problems that arise are solved by viewing them as part of the entire system. The functioning of one part of the system can best be understood by looking at it in the context of other p arts (Hardman, Drew, Egan, 2012). The United Methodist Church can be used to illustrate how the concept of systems thinking is applied in church organizations. The United Methodist Church believes that the church as a system, as much as God created the world as a system, with both internal and external components. As an open system, the church draws its members from the external environment, processes them through various training programs, and then releases them back to the environment where they will preach and win more church members for the growth of the church. When new members come from the environment, they are ignorant about the regulations that guide behavior in the church. These people come in after being converted, while others come in out of their own volition. Outreach and evangelistic ministries are responsible for bringing in new members. Once they get to the church, the converts are socialized in the ways of the church. Among the church programs in place include Bib le study, new believers’ classes, intercession groups, baptismal rituals and practices, among others (Hardman, Drew, Egan, 2012). Some are given vocational training as a way of developing them as useful members of the church and the outside word. Conversely, the church relies on the members for revenue in terms of tithes and offerings. These are the funds that are used to maintain the preachers and other church workers. After being equipped with skills and the ability to conform to the ways of the church, the members gain the competence needed to go out and preach to others who get converted and join the church. The cycle of events continues. Some of the converts, upon reaching maturity and with a calling from God, opt to set up other United Methodist Churches in other parts of the world, leading to the expansion of the church.Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From t he foregoing, it is evident that the United Methodist Church espouses system thinking in its operations. If any part of then system malfunctions, the entire system will grind to a halt (Hardman, Drew, Egan, 2012). If the evangelist component of the system fails to effectively evangelize and bring in more members, the church will fail to grow, and may eventually collapse. If the pastoral or apostolic department fails to teach the new converts to be grounded in the doctrines and practice of the church, the result will be weak church members who cannot be relied upon to evangelize for the growth of the church. The church as a system carries out periodic evaluation exercises to determine the effectiveness of its programs, and take corrective measures where need be. System thinking in the United Methodist Church has been made possible by the kind of structure that has been put in place. The Episcopal polity ensures stability of the entire church. There are sub organs charged with the re sponsibility of managing certain aspects of the church. All these sub-organs work together to achieve efficiency and communication plays an important part in coordinating their activities. The Bishops are in charge of the conferences, but do not operate independently. Components of the United Methodist Church can, therefore, be seen to be highly interdependent. Reference Hardman, M.L., Drew, C.J., Egan, M.W. (2012). Human exceptionality: School, community, and family (11th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.

Superstructural Methods & Processes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Superstructural Methods & Processes - Essay Example Half frame does not require heavy steel. Several decades ago when there was plenty of lumber, houses and barns were framed in full frame. These frames had solid and heavy steel that were tinned, mortised and pinned together. However, the scarcity of lumber that has been a characteristic of the modern times has influenced the construction of houses or structures with half frame style (McEwan, 2007, p 273). Half frame does not require heavy steel. In addition, it uses more nails and planks. Many buildings constructed in the modern day are constructed with balloon framing inside the houses and plank framing in the barns. This paper will analyse the superstructure processes, requirements and other methods that are used in building. Main forms of construction in a storage warehouse The Warehouse space type is designed in a way that allows the storage of goods and other equipment. When constructing a storage house, constructors pay attention to the requirements that are needed by the floor in place. There are many different types of concrete floors. This means that there are many methods of laying these floors. In addition, when constructing storage houses, constructors have to pay attention to the environment used. The environment determines the method to be used and the floor to be laid in a storage house. Precision must always be one of the most important factors to be considered when constructing a storage house. The space, shelving and the storage facility influence the construction of storage houses with respect to materials and adjustments to be considered in the construction process. A competition swimming pool Design The design used to make the recirculation system is critical in a competitive pool. The system must also deal with water displaced by swimmers, also known as static surge and waves with kinetic surge during competition. The water should be returned through the pool bottom in an up flow system that displaces the water evenly without putting preju dice on any one competitor. Lighting is significant to competition because it judges distances and evaluates the position of other competitors. Lighting can be provided by in-pool lights, installing of ceiling fixtures or natural sunlight. The minimum illumination for indoor pools should be 215 lux and outdoor pools must be at least 110 lux. All in-pool lights are placed to the sidewalls during competition. In modern pool design, movable bulkheads are necessary to accommodate the variety of competitive requirements. Construction schedules of a superstructure Construction schedules help in superstructure methods and procedures in different ways. First, it helps to assign dates to activities of the intended project. Project scheduling also helps to match the resources provided for construction equipment and labor provision of project. Scheduling can also eradicate problems because of construction holdup (Hannon & et.al, 2007), p 101). The diagram below shows the procedure followed whe n developing a construction For the facilitation of early clearance of

Memo to Paul Taylor - AM Equipment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Memo to Paul Taylor - AM Equipment - Term Paper Example One of the major steps that AM should take is to prepare going global. This entails establishing of various managerial positions that will be responsible for overseeing effective distribution of the products in the new markets. In its efforts to enter the three foreign markets, AM should establish an export sales department. Based on the fact that the company is currently based in US, the export sales department will ensure linkage between the production facilities is US and the sales outlets in the three countries. Additionally, AM should employ skilled marketing managers who will be responsible for overseeing the company subsidiaries located in the foreign countries. One of the advantages of the export sales department and the hiring of experienced marketing managers is that new policies such as effective pricing, extensive promotion and creating strong customer awareness will be created. For instance, the company will emulate penetrative pricing policy (Joshi 47). Through this pol icy, AM will enter the new markets using low prices without compromising the quality of its products. This will ensure that it acquires large customer base. However, the company will need more financial resources to cater for the marketing managers wages. ... After preparing to go global, AM should find the right market that will provide ready market for its products and skilled human resources. One of the key factors to consider is the population of the foreign countries. Additionally, the company should take into consideration the competition, political stability and regulatory environment among other factors. Being one of the developing economies with large population, South Africa is a viable country that AM should enter. In the same way, Britain and Australia have strong economies and high customer’s purchasing power thus proving a market opportunity that will enhance the sales and the profitability of the company. It is also vital to note that in order to encourage investments, South Africa, Britain and Australia have flexible regulatory environment that is essential for foreign direct investments. For example, South Africa has entered into double taxation agreement with US. As a result, AM will not face a lot of taxation cha llenges that may hinder its operations in the country. Additionally, South Africa taxation for foreign companies stands at 35% which is not so high. One of the major aspect that make the three countries viable markets that AM should consider is that they experience political stability that is essential for foreign and local investments. Even though AM Equipment Incorporation will be exposed to stiff competition from the well established firm in the three countries, the company will undertake extensive advertisement and promotion thus effectively putting at bay its competitors. Based on the political and technological development in the three countries, AM will benefit from adequate availability of classical factors of production that includes labor, capital, land and

Main idea and themes of Raphael's 'Madonna of the Meadow' Essay

Main idea and themes of Raphael's 'Madonna of the Meadow' - Essay Example Actually, the triangle represents the unity and responsibilities of the trinity, which is symbolized by the three edges of the triangular shape. In the short film, the painter has passed his message of religious belief to other for centuries since his demise. Apparently, the painter has proved an important point: that painting is one of the ways to pass a message. Moreover, a message passed through painting can indeed last long. Even though there has been an evolution in terms of painting with the modern technology threatening to push others into oblivion, Raphael’s work is still significant. Additionally, Raphael seeks to show the God’s commitment to assisting humankind. The red color is used to signify the inevitable shedding of Christ’s blood while the cross is interpreted as the subsequent death. Finally, the painting of the woman represents Mary, the mother Christ whose are eyes are fixed Christ, the expected savior (Weyant, p.4). In short, Raphael seeks to express his religious affiliation through

Education of Disabled Children

Education of Disabled Children Disability could be visible or invisible, temporary or permanent. The first major and systematic record of disabled persons in Pakistan is available from 1961 census. According to this record nearly 2 percent of the population suffered from all kinds of disabilities, particularly the children of age group 0-14 years after the initial crisis, many parents develop healthy and constructive attitude towards their handicapped children maximum population of Pakistan lives in rural areas so majority of the children are born and brought up there. The overall condition of our villages gives their life as start with multiple disadvantages. They suffer from illness caused by malnutrition and non-hygienic condition. The situation of handicapped children is far from satisfactory. The causes of this tragedy are poverty, ignorance, malnutrition, poor housing facilities, inadequate healthcare and environment act as a catalyst for infection. Good physical and mental growth can not be achieved in an e nvironment where there is poverty and misery, food and shelter is inadequate and health services are either lacking or extremely inadequate. The adverse social, economic and environmental conditions can be considered responsible for the poor intellectual performance of many children, who in more favorable environment could develop abilities within a spectrum. (David, 1978) Education of the disabled children was considered as useless exercise. The assumption was in past that a disable person could never become an integral member of the society. Persons with professional expertise to teach disabled children were not available and there was no infrastructure to support the education, training and rehabilitation of special children. The time has changed and the education of disable has started with a focus. A gradual realization has emerged that the education of a disable child is as important as the education of an able bodied main stream child. (Ali, 2003). One-quarter of the teachers believed that they had sufficient classroom time for inclusion efforts, that they were currently prepared to teach students with disabilities, or that they would receive sufficient training for inclusion efforts. These findings were interpreted as support for the assumption that teachers viewed students with disabilities in the context of the reality of the general education classroom rather than as support for the prevailing attitudes about integration. General education teachers thus demonstrated certain reluctance about inclusion that must be addressed if such a policy change was to be successful (Welch, 1989). The emphasis on special education as a place deflected attention away from the fact that special education was a more comprehensive process whose actual dynamics were major contributors to its success or failure A significant part of the special education process was represented in the beliefs and actions of general education. An integrated system means that special education cannot act independently as a separate system, but must formulate policy in response to the attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors of general education (Gallagher, 1994). Consideration for the needs of students of special school is the most central aspect of special education. It not only help teachers to plan, devise and implement modified curriculum but also guide them to create congenial classroom environment, set individual educational plans, arrange suitable educational resources, adopt effective teaching strategies, and select appropriate evaluation methods to improve the learning out comes of special children. Parents themselves take their disable child to special school where the school staff access their needs without following any standardized method for assessing the level of childs disability. Consequently, a very little detail about the special educational needs of the assessed child is available which is not sufficient for teachers to devise effective educational plans and arrange appropriate resources for such children (Coenen et al 2006). The issues concerning education of handicapped children and sociological view are globally highlighted by social scientist. The complexity in the nature of problems has further demanded prudent efforts especially in traditional societies of developing countries. Dera Ghazi Khan remained remote and deprived district of Punjab in terms of resource allocation yet the existence and sustainability of special education centers will determine the socio economic status of handicapped children. The evaluation of centers will help in determining the needs and problems of these helpless population strata. In this regard the present study will be contributing a substantial part in improving the efficiency of services provided to handicapped children. Mext (2002) explored that education system for children with special needs was shifting to special support education at the beginning of the 21st century. Ministry of education, culture, sports, science and technology mentioned that the special support education is a primary catalyst for the progress toward an equal opportunity society for all children including individuals with disabilities. The main principle of special support education is meeting individual needs of each child. A lifelong support system shall be developed through co-operation among every sector in society to promote childrens autonomy and participation in all societies. Ali (2003) studied the maturity of special education system in historical perspective and the nature and put some measures for its improvement. In her study she designed various instruments and conducted interviews of the special educators, support professionals, parents of special children and special persons. She found that the parent involvement in the education of special children is at minimal. A part from this she also concluded that majority of parents of special children of all categories and special persons are not completely contented with the education being given to their children. She also concluded that the role of non-government organizations (NGOs) was very large in the improvement of special education in Pakistan. Alam et al (2005) studied the behavior of parents towards physically handicapped children in Islamabad city by interviewing method. They found that a major proportion of the respondents had intermediate to graduation levels of education. About 30% of the respondents children suffered from deaf and dump and blind. Majority of the respondents said that their children were physical handicapped since birth. Kitcher et al (2005) studied that behavioral disorders were not only very distressing to multiply handicapped patients and their families but also had a negative impact on their learning at school or other facility, peer relationships and social competence, so more attention should be paid to diagnose (detect and classify) and aggressively treat behavioral disorders by pharmacological, educational and environmental interventions. Kazimi (2007) reported that in Pakistan, three systems of Education at present operate 1. Normal schools 2.Special Education Schools and 3. Inclusive Schools. In the last named special students of only the lower classes were accommodated. She argued that problems associated with working environment in Pakistan were wide ranging and have very severe effect on the personality of the person, especially when working with children in special setting or in inclusive settings with mental retardation or physical impairment. Further more, Teachers very often feel stress due to professional demands and ambiguous job description, parental pressure, non-supportive behavior and lack of student motivation. Similarly, Teachers working in mainstream inclusive education setting feel less stress. Molnara et al (2008) reported the education of the forthcoming generation was always a difficult task and this was particularly true for those educational institutes where students requiring special treatment were educated. These students were often educationally challenged, mentally challenged or multi-challenged. They present an international co-operation lasting for three years whose prime goal was to construct non-language-dependent software for handicapped children. They introduce the institutions taking part in the development, the process of the programs creation, the steps to apply the program and the possibilities and methods of improvement. Rao (2008) studied the persons with disabilities enjoyed co-existence, though at special times, the behavior and attitudes were at variant. An intellectual disability poses greater challenges than the other types. The families of persons with intellectual disabilities did also have needs different from others, which cannot be segregated from the needs of children with intellectual disability. The National establishment for the Mentally Handicapped had developed many service models and contributed headed for human resource development and research. National Policy has also measured as vital progress of human resources for providing education to all children with disabilities in the common education stream. Many milestones have been left behind in the path, major achievements have been made and opportunities have been formed for the disabled. Fletcher (2009) studied the students with a classmate with serious emotional problem incident reductions in first-grade test scores particularly students in low-income schools and within schools using school-level fixed effects condition was qualitatively parallel. The importance of the decline in mathematics achievement was approximately 30-60 percent of the size of the adjusted black-white achievement gap. Since nearly 10 percent of the student population has a classmate with a serious emotional problem, the total effect on test scores of the procedure of including these students is potentially quite large. Nabeel (2009) stated that Department of special education Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) through distance learning system offers study/training at graduate, masters and Ph. D. levels. Teachers were equipped in 6 specialized areas of visual mutilation, physical disabilities, hearing impairment, intellectual disability, learning disability and inclusive education. Each student is assigned to a teacher who is a subject specialist. The special teacher training model through distance education method is highlighted. Pasha (2009) assessed that no standardized method is being used for special education. In Pakistan International Classification of Functioning has emerged as a standardized method for measuring health and disability at both individual and population a level. He explored the scope of ICF in the field of special education and has established links between ICF categories and curriculum areas, classroom activities and learning objectives for improving the quality of education. Further research has been recommended to find solutions to overcome the initial problems in adapting ICF framework in the field of Special Education in Pakistan.

The Navy Of The Civil War :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Civil War consisted of many legendary battles over the soil of the United and Confederate States of America, which will be retold for generations in history books. Although these land battles were indeed great, the concept of this paper will be the Naval warfare of the Civil War, paying certain attention to the battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neither the North nor the South was prepared for Naval activities at the beginning of the war. In order to better prepare the Navy for war, three new designs were put into action for future ships. The most successful of these designs was the Monitor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The South was at a disadvantage to the North throughout the war. The South was at a lack for manpower during the war, since most of the seamen in the US Navy were from the North and therefore stayed with the Union when the southern states seceded. The South was also found disadvantaged for iron plates for ship armor, since there was only one establishment in the South capable of producing them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The South, knowing their disadvantage in numbers, made the call for commerce raiding of northern ships. The southern government encouraged privateering of northern ships. This privateering would help take the burden of building up the Navy off the government, since privately owned ships and sailors would be assisting the Confederate war goals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The response of the North was the blockade on the southern states. This dealt a similar blow to the South that privateering would cause to the North: the loss of supplies. Since the south was a primarily agricultural area, they had few factories to produce war supplies. The goal of the blockade was to cut any supplies and allow the underdeveloped southern states to run out of war goods. Fortunately for the Confederacy, their large coastline was very difficult for the Union Navy to completely blockade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In measures taken to trade in spite of the northern blockade, blockade-running was employed. Fast wooden ships were used to slip by the blockaders to carry cotton to trading nations in exchange for badly needed war supplies. Blockade-runners did not help the Confederacy with supplies, however, as trading luxuries, such as jewelry and brandy, were more profitable. An act was passed to prevent the import of these luxuries, but was rarely enforced. As a result, the runners succeeded in wasting the slender supply of trained seamen on the imports of useless materials for war.

Exponential Funtions

An exponential function is in which a constant base is raised to a variable power. Exponential functions are used to model changes in population size, in the spread of diseases, and the growth of investments. They can also accurately predict types of decline typified by radioactive decay. The essence of exponential growth, and a characteristic of all exponential growth functions, is that they double in size over regular intervals. The most important exponential function is ex, the inverse of the natural logarithmic function. Some examples of exponential functions in the real world are Ponzi Schemes, Pyramid Schemes, and Chain Letters. Ponzi Schemes are named after Charles Ponzi. They are fraudulent investment plans in which one person takes people’ money as an â€Å"investment† and doesn’t necessarily tell them how their returns will be generated, meaning that people’s returns on investments could be generated by anything. Pyramid Schemes are also fraudulent investment plans. They are structured like a pyramid, starting with one initial recruiter who recruits someone and requires them to pay a fee. In order to make their money back, the new recruit must recruit others under him. This continues until it becomes impossible for the newest layer of recruits to recruit enough people to make their money back. Chain letters are letters that can be received electronically or through snail mail. They aren’t illegal on their own but they can take the form of a pyramid scheme when they ask you to donate a certain amount of money to the people on a list, then delete the name of the first person on the list, add your name, and forward to a certain amount of people. By forwarding, you are asking people to give money with the promise of making money. The schemes work because they seem like they can go on forever but in reality, the scheme can only go on for a certain amount of time before it exceeds the population. When the cycle exhausts itself, participants lose money. These schemes should not be participated in because it is impossible to continue to make more money than you invest.

Abigail progressed Essay

Abigail is the former mistress of John Proctor, and also the previous maid of the Proctor residence. Abigail is the niece of Revered Parris and attempted to practise witchcraft, only to be caught by her uncle. This lead to the arrival of several other characters to precede in the Salem witch trials, where Abigail and her friends act as witnesses. In the beginning of the play, she seems to be dishonest in admitting to witchcraft. When she talks to Parris, she attempts to use Tituba as a scapegoat. â€Å"But we never conjured spirits†¦ She always sings her Barbados songs, and we dance. † Abigail tells this to Parris to attempt to clear her name, as she and her friends are accused of witchcraft by the Reverend. She might be thinking that if she persuades her Uncle long enough, the civil blood between the two would make Parris believe that she is innocent, yet Parris is already concerned over the reputation she is getting from a remark that Elizabeth had supposedly made. â€Å"†¦ she comes so rarely to church this year for she will not sit so close to something soiled†¦ † This has one of the biggest in the opening Act as this sends a message to the audience of what Abigail’s character is based around, and what she is truly like. In my opinion, Miller describes Abigail’s character in this manner as he is trying to contrast her character with that of Elizabeth, in the sense of honesty, as how Elizabeth is described in a later discussion between Proctor and Danforth. Abigail is shown to be a sweet young woman, caring for her relatives. This is shown in the book, which would make you believe that she is innocent. However, in the film of â€Å"The Crucible,† Abigail is shown dancing at the beginning of the first segment. This changes your perspective of the character Abigail, due to the relatively bad thing she is performing, which back in those days and what many people believe even now to be a sin. â€Å"In her life sir, she never lied†¦ my wife cannot lie† Therefore Abigail is said to lie a great deal, whilst Elizabeth hardly ever lies. Abigail is quick to change her attitude to the girls, intimidating them into a worrisome state. She speaks to her so called ‘friends’ about the consequences of telling of the witchery they attempted to perform. She uses a natural power she has to strike terror in the hearts of her friends. She also shows how maniacal and ruthless she can be. â€Å"Let either of you breathe a word†¦ and I will come in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. † Abigail says this to her group of girls as she aims to strike fear in the eye of her followers, stating that if they were to betray her, she would come back and haunt them. And as she explains how she has seen murders occur before her very own eyes, she exclaims she is able to murder any victim she desires. This affects the audience, as in the beginning of the play, they observe a sweet, young lady transform so quickly into this vicious, desperate girl. I think Miller quickly turns Abigail into this enraged character as now the audience can see just how she really acts, behind the faces of her elders. He is successful in doing this as just a few minutes in the plays time before this, as she talks to Parris; she seems to be trying to show Parris of how considerate she is of his feelings by asking him to rest. â€Å"Uncle, you’ve prayed since midnight. Why do you not go down and -† He shows her speaking with Parris in a manor which a child would talk to their own parents, contrasting the way she talks to her friends, which I think in her opinion is people who she has power over. Miller attempts to show a classic stereotype of a distressed person in a forlorn situation when she is seen talking to her friends. Abigail does have a soft spot in her heart for one person – John Proctor. We, the audience hear that John and Abigail have had an affair. In Proctors mind, it is now clearly over between them. â€Å"I’ll not be comin’ for you no more† But Abigail does not see their relationship this way, and thinks that they should be together. â€Å"Give me a word, John. A soft word. † She says this to entice him towards her, in a manner of flirtation. This affects the audience by letting them know who the one man Abigail is in love with is, and how she is willing to re-kindle her relationship with Proctor, even if it means to make Elizabeth a divorcee. I think Miller writes about Abigail in this way to show the audience just how her character resembles that of a stereotype of a young, spoilt girl who will do anything to get what she wants, but never what she deserves. Abigail becomes quick to hand the blame of practising witchcraft over to Tituba, whilst she and her friends knew that it was her lead the witchery into the stage of being â€Å"worshippers of Lucifer. † When Hale and Parris came to confront Abigail about the witchery, the pressure became too much for her, and blurted out the only persons name she thought she could get away with. â€Å"Did you call the Devil last night? † â€Å"I never called him! Tituba†¦ Tituba†¦ † Hale and Parris are quick to believe the story of Abigail, calling for the presence of Tituba. But at the same they time, they do begin to fear the safety of Abigail from the Devil. â€Å"Have you sold yourself to Lucifer? † â€Å"I never sold myself! I’m a good girl! I’m a proper girl! † She probably done this to show all of her elders that she is a good Christian girl, and lied to protect herself from a punishment and to also save her Uncle’s reputation as the towns Reverend. This shows just how ruthless Abigail can be, and to what lengths she would go to bring her own happiness, even if it meant causing pain and suffering to others. I think Miller done this to be constant in Abigail’s character, showing she can be deceiving and sly. This also shows throughout Act 1, Abigail has maintained a constant character. In the duration of Act Two, Abigail didn’t make an appearance, but she was, however, talked about a lot by the other characters, especially by the Proctors. It also appears that she tried to frame Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft, by cleverly, yet deceivingly sticking a needle into her in the same position a needle was in Elizabeth’s doll, acting as if Elizabeth’s â€Å"poppet† was a voodoo doll. But this incident isn’t seen, but only talked about by Cheever to Hale, Proctor and Elizabeth.

The eNotes Blog Buried Under Papers 5 Grading SurvivalTips

Buried Under Papers 5 Grading SurvivalTips It’s that time again. Actually, if you are an English teacher, it’s always that time. You feverishly comment on 45 drafts, hand them back to students†¦and receive 50 more. In the meantime, 3rd period’s pop quizzes are getting moldy, six student presentations need to be assessed, your two sections of American Literature need tests corrected, there’s a handful of letters of recommendation that need to be written, and three (or four, or more) classes need to be planned- all by Friday. Sound familiar? I don’t have the answers, but I do have sympathy and a few tips that have helped me weather a storm of essays for a decade and a half. 1. Reward yourself. No, seriously. The school isn’t going to pay you more, so pay yourself. Maybe a piece of chocolate after every five essays? A quick round of Word Crack between stacks of tests? Whatever your currency is, use it. Liberally. When I’m buried (which, as I mentioned, is always), I set a goal. AP Papers: treat or break after every four.   Tests?   These are faster so I hold off until I get through a class set.   That, you might think, could lead to a lot of chocolate consumption. Don’t worry. You’ll burn it off pacing in front of your students. 2. Go somewhere else. Even when I didn’t have three children clambering on me, I was more efficient working away from home. If you are an English teacher, you know that only half your job happens at school. At home, there are temptations and chores: Netflix and laundry, a good novel and vacuuming.   But if you go somewhere else, you are trapped with your work.   I like to combine this tip with Number 1, and head to a coffee shop where I can reward my (perpetual) overtime with a latte. 3. Chip away. Let’s face it.   A stack of 50 research papers is daunting.   It seems to require hours of uninterrupted time.   I’ve found through the years that I can ninja-grade.   Dart in for a sneak attack, knock off one or two, then zip away before you’ve even realized you’re grading.   A paper or two at your kid’s baseball practice, another while you wait for the department meeting to start, yet another in a spare ten minutes before class.   Suddenly, you have four papers done, and you barely even noticed it.   Do this several days in a row, and your stack of papers will shrink like magic. 4. Set a timer. It’s so easy to want to say everything.   My AP students actually read every comment and want desperately to improve.   I could regularly spend 30-45 minutes per paper, but that’s not sustainable.   I’ve found that setting a timer for ten minutes (fifteen for a more complex assignment) has helped me manage my comments and be efficient with my time. *Check out some great online timers here. 5. Know your magic number. Mine is four.   Sometimes five.   This is the number of consecutive papers you can read without spacing out and daydreaming.   After you hit the magic number, you will start spending more time than necessary on each essay as your brain frantically searches for something- anything- else to think about other than student writing.   Grade only the magic number and then switch to another task. 6. Buy better pens. Really.   And change up the colors.   Don’t suffer with ballpoints. Good luck.   Grading papers can be soul-sucking (I have 40 papers to turn around in four days!).   It’s never fast, rarely fun, but it can be managed.   And, unless you teach in a year-round school, there’s always summer†¦ This is a guest post from one of our Educators, Tiffany Joseph. Tiffany  is a current high school English teacher and former college instructor.   She writes, reads, and paints as often as life allows.   If youre interested in contributing to the   blog, go here.

Collaborative learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Collaborative learning - Essay Example In case the learners are able to effectively demonstrate that they have been able to sufficiently understand and implement this concept, these learners are then found to inadvertently tend to respect and greatly value each other’s language input (Macaro, 1997, p. 134). This attribute of collaborative learning is most commonly seen to be a result of the principle of positive interdependence that is prominent in collaborative learning. Positive interdependence is basically the degree to which various groups of participants are seen to perceive that they are essentially interdependent in the sense that they happen to share an innately mutual fate, and that their general overall success happens to be mutually caused (Davies, 2009, p. 565; Alexandrov et al., 2012, p. 18). It, therefore, falls on the teachers to essentially serve the role of aiding with the facilitation of these given roles. The different groups of students are positively engaged in working together with the aim of attempting to search for possible solutions, meaning, and understanding in the creation of a product(Alexandrov et al., 2012, p. 18). ... In case that any particular question happens to be raised in a collaborative learning environment, different students in a group will often tend to offer varied responses as answers (McAuliffe, 2010, p. 65). It becomes possible for each of these responses to be effectively used by the group in the creation of an end product that serves to reflect the collective input of a wide range of perspectives and as such, the final answer or end product is seen to be of a more complete and comprehensive nature. the active involvement of students in the learning process. The subdivision of students into a number of various small groups is seen to help with availing easier opportunities for each of the different students to be able to make an individual contribution into the group. It, therefore, follows that students will generally be seen to take relatively more ownership of the end material generated by the group in addition to their being encouraged to critically think and identify possible r elated issues (Adams & Hamm, 2011, p. 113). increased opportunities for the students to receive personal feedback. As a result of an increased level of exchanges between the different students in small groups, students engaged in a collaborative learning process are seen to generally receive more personal feedback pertaining to their responses and ideas as made within the individual groups. It is often quite difficult for these students to be able to receive this personalized feedback in a large-group instruction setting as it is often quite common for one or even two students to be actively engaged in exchanging their ideas when the rest of the entire classroom listens to them and, hence, are inhibited from receiving personal feedback (Cuneo, 2008, p. 4). Factors that Can Serve to

History of Media and technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

History of Media and technology - Research Paper Example Developments in technology has changed the process of production and editing of newspapers more than 10 years ago. As a result, the newspapers and magazines have virtually disappeared from the scene hence creating the concept of print with no paper. This process began with the onset of online (internet) journalism. People’s computer screens are replacing the newspaper and magazine prints. Currently, millions of people are moving towards internet in order to search for information, and to put their knowledge at work. They no longer wait for the newspaper vendor in the morning. Recently, people only require to log in to the internet to get most recent news, more information, and views including a chance to comment and make his/her views know to the rest of the world. Publishers are realizing the need for incorporating internet in the form of media, and as a medium for disseminating news instantaneously to the people seeking for information across the globe (Ginnekan 65). The human race is essentially characterized by its appetite to in invent, and the acts of invention have marked the upward surge for media revolution. As each generation cross the threshold of the media driven society, the term new media is relative to the time and the experience of their time. The journalists and readers born in the early 1980s had little experience of digital media, and the new media of their time is the obsolete or the traditional media of the current generation. The aim of this research paper to create a contemporary understanding of new technology and to give the readers the context of how new media(internet) and print media have transformed as a result of technological changes, and their effect to the society’s culture. The answer on sustaining and accelerating media improvement over time solely, lies in the feedback cycle between how-knowledge and what-knowledge. After the year 1450, there was an increase in discovery-type information. For instance,

Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Memo - Assignment Example It gives the business a room to see the direct impact of falling short on expected variables, such as procurement costs, sales levels, or number of distribution channels. Spreadsheets benefits: It does not only provide the user with a way to present numbers, but also to give the mathematical relationship between the numbers, so that the implications of the different assumptions could be prepared easily and persistently. Parameters to be changed: There will be addition in raw materials to produce more products to cater for the growing market and purchase of new equipment, to avoid overworking the old machines due to extra production of products. Increase in cost that is bound to happen due to the purchase of a new machine and extra production of products will have an effect on the Net income of the company. But because of increase in sales due to the growing market, the costs are to be covered without any problem. Nonetheless, increase in sales means increase in advertising costs, labor costs, but an increase in sales revenue is the outcome which will eventually increase the net income in the income statement. As this system is implemented, the management can track the vital in-combination cost drivers, and be proactive in auctioning changes should the need arise (Scot, Chan, & Saltelli,

Marketing Assignment Essay Example for Free

Marketing Assignment Essay My chosen retailer is Pick n’ Pay which is a company owned by South African entrepreneur Raymond Ackerman in 1967. Pick n’ Pay was able to gain a large share of the market because Raymond Ackerman’s policy of putting offering customers the best value for their money before profit maximisation and various social responsibility programmes have made them a household in South Africa. Question 1 Pick n Pay bridges the following gaps: * Space. * Time. * Information. The space and time, value gaps are bridged by pick n’ pay, by establishing what the market really wants and providing consumer what they want at the right price in the right environment. -Information on products is readily available in stores during promotions and generally accessible in store. -Pick n’ Pay offers financial services like credit on large purchases like appliances. -Through bridging these gaps Pick n’ Pay has been able to establish long term relationship with consumers. Question 2 An organisation has to perform its primary amp; auxiliary marketing activities efficiently and in a timely manner to ensure that the needs/ of the customer are met. Pick n’ Pay also owns its own transportation fleet so they have more control over meeting demand on time. * Pick n Pay conducted detailed market research in order to properly serve its market as all store formats are as diverse as the geographic area they operate in, from the large hypermarkets to the express stores in petrol stations, they cater to all different market segments. Pick n’ Pay also own Boxer supermarkets which cater to low income groups such as rural areas. * They form of standardisation and grading is their policy of giving consumers double their money back on Pick n’ Pay products if they not satisfied with the quality, This policy enabled Pick n’Pay to gain the trust of consumer which translates into Customer loyalty. All other products offered by Pick n’ Pay have to follow certain regulations before being offered to the public. Pay has to take the necessary steps to ensure that products like fruits are available all year round which means such products need to be stored in fridges and other products have to be stored properly so they don’t get damage before getting to the actual store so they don’t incur any losses. * The risk of loss or damage is to be mitigated by the form of having insurance policy to cover the business. * Pick n’ Pay borrows money from banks to cover the day-to-day operations; Raymond Ackerman says many businesses that were destined for greatness failed because they didn’t have enough cash to run their daily operations. I would say Pick n’ Pay uses the societal marketing-oriented concept because of their environmental initiatives which have even gained the organisation a Sunday Times Top Brand Grand Prix award for the company that did the most to promote â€Å"green† issues and social upliftment of communities. Raymond Ackerman stresses the importance of doing â€Å"good† business which means implementing sustainable practices in the work environment and doing what the business is obligated to do in terms of social responsibility. Here are some environmental initiatives have introduced: * Green Products- Products that are 100% recyclable with active ingredients that are made from sustainable,natural ingredients. * Introduced limited edition eco-friendly bags to limit the use of plastic bags * Pick n’ Pay vehicles use a low sulphur content diesel and ozone-friendly lubrication oils. * Setting up recycling points at Pick n’ Pay stores * In 2009 they opened up 3 Pick n’ Pay express stores, starting a new era of green retailing. These type strategies will gain the business long term customers because of its awareness of contributing positively to the environment. Question 4 I would say my chosen retailer has evolved to this level because they the good relationship it has with its stakeholder that’s why they have been able to offer the market such good prices and within any business you need to maintain good relationship with your suppliers for example, this would ensure that everything is delivered in a timely time and with your employees to ensure that their product are product and know what’s expected of them. Pick n Pay has a number of policies and guidelines to govern relationships with its stakeholders so every interaction with its stakeholders is morally sound and is in line with the correct practices so that customers are satisfied and customers are retained. Question 5 5. 1 The micro environment of Pick n’ Pay is its internal stakeholders which would be: * Employees * Investors * Management The business has full control over this environment. The market environment is the outside of the business and the business can only control this environment to a certain degree. The market environment comprises of: * Suppliers * Competitors- Checkers,Spar,Woolworths. * Customers * General Public – Brand Perception and Brand awareness. 5. 2 Pick n Pay is a company that focuses a lot on physical environment and socio economic issues as it recognises the importance of sustainability practices in its business due to the fact that natural resources are not available in infinite quantities and the damage us humans are doing to the environment. Pick n’ Pay has also implemented programmes that challenge socio economic issues such as unemployment. Here some the changes and programmes implemented to adapt to changes/trends in the macro environment: * Setting up recycling points at Pick n’ pay which in turn provides employment. * â€Å"Green† products – 100% recyclable products with natural active ingredients that don’t harm the environment. * BEE programmes which allows people from disadvantaged backgrounds to own a Pick n’ Pay franchise store. * Pick n’ Pay company also recently extended its ‘Green Range’ of household products to include garbage bags made from 100% recycled material, 70% of which is post-consumer recycled materials.

Recruitment Selection And Retention And Sainsburys Management Essay

Recruitment Selection And Retention And Sainsburys Management Essay Human resources are the people who work in an organisation; they are the most important people in every organisation. Human resources can provide hard and clear method of their value to look up the performance. Human Resources Management (HRM) is to enables the organisation and member of staffs to use their skills to achieve the goals and relationship. At the means time, HRM must guarantee the agreement is satisfied. Human Resources Management (HRM) at Sainsburys is to recruit, develop and maintain quality of staff because the staffs are come from different resources to work in the same organisation. The HRM department is deal with recruitment, training, motivation, salaries, induction and career planning. The reason of training is to give opportunities to the staffs to develop knowledge, attitudes, and skills to help Sainsburys to achieve the goals. To be successful, Sainsburys has found out about the needs and objectives of every single staff, for example through the assessment process and then creating the opportunities within the organisationand outside the organisation for staffs to improve themselves. Sainsburys HR Policies Sainsburys has given the applicants an equal opportunities policy to be treated at the same way. The Sainsburys is respects applicants privacy. Any information that applicants have given is security and keeps with extreme care. The HRM will ensure and keep all the information safely. They will only use the information in a sensible time. They will store the information that the applicants provide to them for a limited time only if the application is unsuccessful. Recruitment, selection, and retention Recruitment for Sainsburys is the process to have the right person, in the right place, at the right time. It is important to organisational performance. Recruitment is an important activity, not just for the HR team but also for line managers who are increasingly involved in the selection process. All those involved in recruitment activities should be aware of relevant legislation.   There are two main processes for selecting applicants: short listing and assessing applicants to make a decision who should be offered a job. To use a variety of tools appropriate to the time and resources available to make to decision of selection. To ensure Sainsburys is fair and reliable; all the tools they use should be certify and regularly review. Recruiting and selection the best member is only half of the conflict. Sainsburys realise that to maintaining and developing their members are more important. Sainsburys has found the best way is to keep their members around the goal and provide plenty of opportunities for everyone, to achieve their potential. Sainsburys has started their retention program since 2004, and they have reduced the number of non-management members leaving each year. Sainsburys will advertise their vacancies in their website www2.sainsburys.co.uk. When applications want to apply for a position, they will need to provide their personal information as below: Name Address Postcode Date of birth Marital status Qualifications Employment history National Insurance Number 2 references contact information CV (for certain roles only) The HR department will use all this information to: To process the recruitment application They may use telephone or email to contact the applicants to discuss their application If the applicants approval to the application, they will be consider for selection position which may be equivalent to Internal record keeping Complete their legal obligation Frame recruits records if application is successful If the applicants are successful in their application, HR department will contact referees to get references When HRM department post a job advertisement, they will always follow or remember about Anti Discrimination Legislation. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Makes criminal to discriminate in an advertisement by mention sex The Race Relations Act 1976 Makes criminal an advertisement that discriminates against any particular race The Age Discrimination Regulations 2006 Makes criminal to discriminates against employees on account of their age Task 2: Building Winning Team The principles of team working may be easy to understand, but the mission of installing it can be quite scary. Introducing team working is not straight forward job, the simple matter of adding a new idea to those already in place. It is about making a fundamental change in the way people work. Every team working application is different. Each organisation, department and individual group is faced with unique problems and in some situations it is more about getting rid of old ways of doing things than injecting new ones. (J. Wilson, Building Team- with attitude) Meredith Belbin a British researcher and management theorist, best known for his work on management teams. He developed one of the most popular and widely used analyses of individual roles within a work group or a team. Teamwork has always been a system that has proved productive over the year. The most consistently successful team involve a range of roles undertaken by a mixture of members. Meredith Belbin has carry out a study that took many years of work, and the results are held in high regard. Belbin has created nine useful types team roles. Belbin Team-Roles Inventory Team roles Strengths Allowable weaknesses Plant Creative, imaginative, personal Solves difficult problems Ignores information Too thoughtful to communicate well Monitor evaluator serious, tactical and sensitive Sees all options Judges accurately Lacks drive and ability to inspire others Specialist Single minded, self sharing, enthusiastic Provides knowledge and skills in rare supply Contributes only on a narrow front Dwells on technicalities Shaper Challenging, active, succeed on pressure The drive and courage to overcome problem Can hassle others hurts peoples feelings Implementer Disciplined, reliable, traditional and well-organized Turns ideas into handy actions Always refer to the roles fairly inflexible Slow to response to new possibilities Completer careful, hard-working, nervous Searches out errors and omission Delivers on time Inclined to worry unduly unenthusiastic to delegate Co-ordinator Mature, confident, a good leader Clarifies goals, promotes decision making Delegates well Can be seen as manipulative off-load personal work Teamworker Co-operative, mild, perceptive and diplomatic Listens, builds, averts friction unsure in crunch situations Resource investigator outgoing person, enthusiastic, communicative Explores opportunities Develops contacts Over optimistic Loses interest once initial enthusiasm has passed Task 3: Evaluate leadership The way in which the managers normally perform towards members of the teams is known as leadership style. There are four types of leadership style are using by Sainsburys as below: Laissez-faire leadership Autocratic or Authoritarian leadership Bureaucratic leadership Democratic leadership LAISSEZ FAIRE LEADERSHIP STYLE Laissez-faire style is the leader who does not actually control or involve in the task. The leader will empowerment the members to make decision, to decide what they think is best. Laissez-faire style also known as a hand off leadership style because the leader doesnt gives direction to the members. Most laissez faire styles offer no or very little guidance to the members of the same group, amidst leaving the making of decisions to other group members.   As much as it could be clearly effective in those situations where most members happen to be highly qualified and skilful in their area experience and know-how, it has often led to poor roles definition plus a sheer lack in motivation. The advantages and disadvantages of Laissez-faire leadership style: Advantages If the members are very responsible If the members are guided by his own target Disadvantages Members feel that they dont have their sense of direction and focus Poor management and no good results Members lose motivation and interest to finish a task Less communication between the teams and leaders AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE Autocratic leadership style is the leader does involves and responsibility in all task. The leader can be possible to reserve the right decision. The leader will make all the decision and they will not ask or allow any of the members to give any suggestion and opinion. All the members are under control by the leader. Autocratic leadership style is one of the oldest styles and is the easiest style to see the immediate goals. When the important tasks are handled quickly and correctly, the leader need to make sure all the members are exactly know where they need to be and doing their job. This leadership style will make the assistants depressed because there is too much direct inspection To be a successful autocratic leader in Sainsburys, the leader needs to remember few things as follow: Respect the assistants Explain to rules Be consistent Educate before enforce Listen, even if you dont change The advantages and disadvantages of Autocratic leadership style: Advantages Where control is necessary Very effective when is stressful Members can become more potential to improve the organisation Leaders have the best idea More motivation for the members Quick decision and less argument Disadvantages Create a panic and offence environment Progress will delay Sometimes can be annoying the team members Leaders are responsibility for the results Members feel unhappy and fail to appreciate Less chances to communicate with each other BUREAUCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE Bureaucratic leadership follows a close set of standards. The leader does everything should be according to procedure, rules and policy. The entire task done in an exact, specify way to make sure safety and truth. The leader normally works in a dangerous environment and need to specific some necessary procedures to ensure the safety. Advantages Team members have to follow the routine which is given Team members need to know certain principles or procedures Team members are given security and safety training Members of teams are involving in cash handling if require Leader will always need to communicate with team members Disadvantages Members lose their motivation and interest Members do only what is expected DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE Democratic leadership style is called the partnership style because it encourages team members to be a part of decision making. This leadership style is a very open and collegial style of running a group. The leader will always discuss with or ask permission from members before decide anything. Advantages More motivation and interesting More chances to communicate between leader and team members Can get or share different idea, opinion, experience Can build a good relationship between leader and members Decision will be more accurate Disadvantages Spend more time to make a decision Situation can develop where responsibilities are not clear cut. Cooperation can result in actions that are not the most effective THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP Great Man Theory Behavioral Theory Management Theory Relationship Theory Great Man Theory Great Man theory believed that the ability for leadership is natural, means that the leaders are born but not made. Also describe the leaders are brave enough, mythic and designed to develop the leadership when it needed. Early research on leadership based on the study of great leaders. These people were often from the elite, as some of the lower classes had the opportunity to lead. Contributed to the impression the leadership had little to do with reproduction. Great ideas mythic domain of human thought that in times of need, a great man, will create magic with almost, lost. Easy to verify that people like Eisenhower and Churchill was the point, go back and forth only those with time, even Jesus, Moses, Mohammed and Buddha. Gender issues table when the Great Man theory was proposed were not. Most leaders were male, and a great womans thought leadership in other areas was generally. The researchers were also male, and andocentric bias to worry about was a long way from being realized. Behavioral Theory Behavioral theories of leadership do not seek inborn traits or capabilities. Rather, they see exactly what politicians do. If success can be defined in terms of describable actions, then it may be very easy to work on the same way other people. Its easy to teach and learn then the more short-term property or capabilities adopt. Behavioral trait theory assumes that leadership ability that can be contained rather than, can be learned is a big leap. It opens the floodgates to leadership development, as opposed to simple psychometric assessment that with the leadership of the kind of people who will never get the chance. Develop a behavioral theory is quite simple, as you just assess both leadership success and the actions of politicians. With a large enough study, you then can correlate with success statistically significant behavior. You can identify the behaviors that contribute to failure, thus adding another layer of understanding. Management Theory Management Theory, also identified as Transactional theory, it is focus on the role of supervision, organization and group performance. Team members perform their best if the task is clearly given and they need to be carefully and make sure that expectations are met. The management theory is bases leadership on a system of rewards and punishments. When team members are performing well, they are giving reward; when they performing poorly, they are giving punishment. For management theory is very important to have rules, standards and procedures. The management theory is more effective if the tasks are simple and clearly defined, so the team members are not expected to be creative. Relationship Theories Relationship theories, also known as transformational theories, it is focus on the connections between leaders and followers.  Transformational leaders are normally active, excited and passionate. They are not only involved and concerned in the process but also  motivated and encourage people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task. The leaders also have high ethical and moral standards. TASK 4: Work and development needs Development needs of individual For Sainsburys to be a successful organisation and to achieve the goals, it is very important that to monitor or measure the team members performance on a regular basis. Normally Sainsburys will measure the individual members performance every six month. To measure members performance is not only to accurate performance review but also to judge and measure members potential. Sainsburys is using the ways below to measure individual performance: Quantity- the number of units produced, processed or sold Quality- the quality of work performed Timeliness- how fast to finish a job Attendant- how regular the member work Personal appearance- how they dress for work Feedback- positive and negative feedback from colleagues and customers 360-Degree or Full-Circle Appraisal:  The members performance is appraised by everyone who works together. Including managers, customers and members of other departments. After the performance measurement, Sainsburys will improve their members by giving them more training, motivation, incentives. Incentives included increasing salary and rewards. If the members are performance well they will be given rewards like presents, gift vouchers, etc; or by increasing their pay rate. Training and motivation are to provide and increase the job knowledge and individual skills at each level. It also helps the members to expend the horizons of human brain and an overall personality. Factor affecting the quality of performance Productivity- to increase the productivity of the members to achieve the long team goal of the organisation. Team spirit- to improve the sense of team work and relationship of team members. Organisation culture- to develop and improve the organisation health culture and effectiveness Quality- to improve the quality of work and work life Morale- to improve the morale of the work force Health and safety- to improve health and safety skills Training- to improve and make sure team members understand

Are Americans Allergic to Traveling Abroad? :: essays research papers

â€Å"Are Americans allergic to traveling abroad?† I asked Poonam, an immigrant from Nepal, who states that such a notion is â€Å"ridiculous†. Nepal has suffered lately due to a despotic ruler. The newspapers have recently reported that the king has cut off Nepal from the rest of the world by closing airports and shutting down communication. Poonam’s father owns a resort in Nepal, and his family has struggled to keep business open through these tough times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"How do you explain that only 15% of Americans have passports to travel abroad? Is it because we are lazy?† Poonam furthers that Americans are not lazy or allergic to traveling. He points out that Americans do not have the time to travel abroad. The strength of our economy is based on the working class. He points out that most employees only receive one to two weeks of vacation. In Nepal if he were to take a vacation, his employer would give him one to two months off so that he can travel and enjoy himself. He explains that to travel to Nepal, it takes two days to get there and two takes to get back home (Baltimore). The weary traveler usually needs a day or two after each way to recover from any jet lag or from the pure exhaustion of balancing airplane and other time schedules. Poonam also points out, the vast land in United States allows Americans the opportunity to take mini-trips that can be very enriching. This is one of his favorite aspects of ou r country. Poonam who works 72 hour work weeks without overtime, will spend his only day off taking his son and wife to Washington D.C. or Philadelphia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We both agree that this point is overlooked. Traveling abroad is reserved for those who do not have to work – the independently wealthy. Poonam does not believe that apathy prevents us from travel, but rather our drive to succeed in our careers. I posed the question as to whether or not we work too much? He reminds me of the French government who require mandatory vacations and 35 hours work weeks. I counter with a recent news article that reported a decline in the French economy. The French government is thinking of reversing the 35 hour work week law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am definitely very interested in traveling. I have started taking French lessons so that I can travel abroad.

Cloud Operating System Architecture

Cloud Computing Architecture Tall Tanager developer. [email  protected] Com Abstract? A bright vision of the future sparks up with the new technologies of cloud computing. A new perspective towards how files, pictures, documents are shared, accessed and modified over the World Wide Web. In this we take a look at the architecture of cloud computers, identify and explain the different layers from client to host. It also discusses how we will be able to design, implement, develop and innovate in the future with cheaper costs, better efficiency by the use of powerful systems on the cloud almost anytime and anywhere around the globe.A world with incredible virtual systems being made affordable for everyone. Looking ahead the next decade, cloud computing promises to collaborate everywhere through mobile devices. Introduction Cloud computing can be seen as a very promising future of computing with cheaper costs, application efficiency and a door opening for millions of people around the g lobe not being able to afford powerful systems for education, work and development.Given the ability that it will allow people to conduct geophysical modeling experiments, render high-end graphics almost anywhere and anytime in he world will lead to innovation by many with ideas being capable of implementing them for an affordable cost. It can store immense amount of data, improve accessibility, secure data by making it available to authorized users only and deploy web scripts for PH, Perl, ASP. NET and several others on the go as it includes a platform for an Apache and MYSELF TM Database Server.Most importantly sharing videos, music and documents across the internet would be far more efficient as files would no longer be required to uploaded instead would require access-permission. From modeling AD graphs to integrate photos, maps with a handful of web services, loud computing would highly benefit large business corporations. Keywords? collaborate, affordable costs, efficiency, in tegrate The Layers – An Outer Look Here is a representation of architecture of a common cloud computer.The first layer being the client layer is a web browser on a mobile or tablet device. An application has three layers, graphical interface layer (user interaction), application layer (the coding-level) and the database layer (for storing data). Figure 1-1 (Graphical Representation of the different layers) Next we have cloud services, the service required for applications to run I. Apache services, database servers etc. This layer cannot be directly modified by the client. Alongside these is the cloud runtime for storage and table services.These could be various applications such as an anti-virus tool, a service for file transfer, POP connection services. Lastly we have the Infrastructure and storage. This has to do with the hardware, the physical design of the system to ensure maximum durability, prevent incidents such as short circuits, ensure cooling etc. Deployment and Us er Experience User Intent & Interface To be able to customize your computer and have a flexible environment to work in sakes an important factor in the overall architectural design of the system.End-users look out more for the design; the speed and accessing their programs with ease rather than worry about the infrastructure or web services. Over here the target needs to be aiming for fast application deployment, services should be updated automatically, and responsiveness should be fast. Designing On Established Trends Cloud computers are deployed on established trends to reduce cost out of the delivery of services as it increases the speed and power at which services are deployed. Cloud computing offers on-demand deployment in less time with reduced cost and maximum efficiency.From one perspective, it seems to be nothing new as it approaches concepts already built and established however from another perspective, cloud computing is something complete new as it develops ideas on ho w we deploy, update, scale, invent and maintain our applications over a huge network. Over the last few years, virtual machines have become the standard deployment object. We have seen how people connect to remote computers using built-in applications. As we can see, it further improves the flexibility as the system is total pendent on the host.For instance, a person can rent a computer for a few hours being provided the authentication by host. This way, many people can have access to powerful systems for less cost without needing to upgrade hardware to enhance their systems. Figure 1-2 shows a typical remote desktop connection. This shows how cloud computing has revolutionized over the years and been made better. Cloud computing promises us in the future to be able to access computers through web browsers with reliability and an affordable cost. Keywords? on demand deployment, flexibility, fertilization, hypothesisFigure 1-2 (a typical remote-desktop connection) Infrastructure Prog rammable Infrastructure In the past, developers would identify how the various component of application would be managed, secured, modified, interconnected, and deployed. Now a developer would be able to use a Cloud Provider's API to manipulate the application on the go and not only that but to manage tremendous work load changes. Consider this analogy: A Java developer creates and deletes thread to do multiple activities at the same time however now developers can do the same but modify the application dynamically giving them power to accommodate accordingly.To make the best out of cloud computing, a developer must be an architect being able to create a self-logging and self-expanding application for best user experience. Infrastructure as a Service (alas) alas is one of the fundamental service models of cloud computing. It provides computing resource in a brutalized environment, â€Å"the cloud†, usually through a public network like the Internet. It includes attributes suc h as virtual server space, network bandwidth, IP etc. A hypothesis such as Java VIM creates virtual machines and/or allows you to connect to one over the internet.Platform as a Service (Pas) Pas is another fundamental service model of cloud computing. In these models, the provider delivers services such as an operating system, an executable environment (programming environment), database server etc. Application developers can run and develop their programs on this platform service without the cost of buying additional hardware. This is extremely useful to the ones whom cannot afford the luxury of powerful systems and complexity of managing hardware. Software as a Service (AAAS) AAAS is Just another fundamental service model of cloud computing.

Araling Panlipunan

Central Bank is the bank of a country a nation. Its main function is to issue currency known as ‘Bank Notes'. This bank acts as the leader of the banking system and money market of the country by regulating money and credit. These banks are the bankers to the government, they are bankers' banks and the ultimate custodian of a nations foreign exchange reserves. The aim of the Central Bank is not to earn profit, but to maintain price stability and to strive for economic development with all-round growth of the country There is now hardly any country which does not have a Central Bank of its own.It acts as a great engine of growth of a State. In India, the RBI was established in 1935 and this Bank has since been functioning as the Central Bank of the country (this is not to be confused with ‘Central Bank of India', which is only a commercial bank). The Central Bank of different countries is known by different names like Reserve Bank in India, Bank of England in U. K. , Feder al Reserve System in U. S. A. , etc. (ii) Commercial Banks: A bank, which undertakes all kinds of ordinary banking business, is called a commercial bank. It is so called because it provides money and credit for commercial and trade activities.They receive short and medium term deposits from the public and grant short-term loans, and advances. They supply working capital to industries and enable them to carry on production and manufacturing activities. They grant loans and advances on the stocks of agricultural commodities, industrial goods, etc. They discount internal and foreign bills and thereby finance the International trade. They also perform certain agency services such as collection of cheques, dividends, interest on investments, issue of drafts, letter of credit, Travelers' Cheques, Investment Advisory Services, etc.(iii) Industrial Banks or Financial Institutions: An Industrial Bank is one which specialises by providing loans and fixed capital to industrial concerns by subs cribing to share and debenture issued by public companies. They play an important role in the establishment and growth of industries. The block capital required for the acquisition of fixed assets, etc. , is supplied by investment banks. They provide long-term loans and credits for periods varying between 5 and 15 years for industries to acquire fixed assets.They may serve as catalytic agents in mobilisation of capital in other forms of assistance such as, underwriting, guarantee, etc. These banks are nowadays grouped as ‘Development Financial Institutions'. These banks are very popular in Germany and Japan. In India, we have several Industrial Finance Corporations in addition to the â€Å"Industrial Development Bank of India†. Both, Development Financial Institutions and Commercial banks, nowadays, finance infrastructural development activities, which include construction of transport facilities, building of power-supply stations, etc.(iv) Exchange Banks (Authorized De alers in Foreign Exchange): These types of banks are primarily engaged in transactions involving foreign exchange. They deal in foreign bills of exchange import and export of bullion and otherwise participate in the financing of foreign trade. They do a number of incidental services such as opening of letters of credit, issue of Foreign Currency Drafts and Travellers' Cheques and supply of information about foreign customers. They provide credit and loans in foreign currency and also accept deposits in Foreign Currency.They require huge capital and trained staff as it is a risky business. They maintain branches in foreign countries at important trade centres. In the past foreign banks operating in India would deal in foreign exchange and were known as exchange banks. Nowadays, many Indian banks deal in foreign exchange with special authorisation from Reserve33ank of India and known as Authorised Dealers in Foreign Exchange. As per Foreign Exchange Regulation Act banks dealing in For eign Exchange related activities require the permission of Reserve Bank of India.This is applicable to both Indian and Foreign Banks. (v) Co-operative Banks: They are organized on co-operative principles of mutual help and assistance. They grant short-term loans to the agriculturists for purchase of seeds, harvesting and for other cultivation expenses. They accept money on deposit from and make (vi) Land-mortgage Banks (Presently known as Agriculture and Rural Development Banks): They are agriculture development banks. The Land-mortgage banks supply long-term loans for a period up to 15 years for development of land to improve agricultural yields.They grant loan for permanent improvements in agricultural lands. They create negotiable bonds out of real estate like land, buildings, etc. They raise funds by floating debentures and by borrowing from the government. The Agriculture Finance Corporation was the first Indian Institution to set up finance for development of Agriculture. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was constituted by the Government to promote rural development. (vii) Indigenous Banks:The Central Banking Enquiry Commission defined an indigenous banker as an individual or firm accepting deposits and dealing in indigenous lending of money to the needy. They form unorganised part of the banking structure, i. e. , these are unrecognised operators in receiving deposits and lending money. In India the Marwaris, the Multanis, the Jains, the Sowcars, the Nattukottai chettiars are some of the leading indigenous bankers who charge high rates of interest on their lendings. In rural areas, they still provide substantial finance to agriculturists and small traders.(viii) Savings Banks: These are institutions which collect the periodical savings of the general public. Their main object is to promote thrift and saving habits among the middle and lower income sections of the society. They have certain restrictions on number of withdr awals in a year to discourage spending. In almost all countries, postal authorities also run savings bank accounts and their working is regulated by the government. The first savings bank was started in Hamburg in 1765. In India, we have postal savings accounts. These days separate savings banks as such are very rare.In India, all commercial banks have savings accounts. The minimum balance which is required to be kept in the accounts differs from banks to banks. The rate of interest payable on the accounts by banks is determined by RBI. Presently it is 4. 5 per cent per annum. Co-operative banks are normally allowed to pay an additional 0. 5 per cent interest per annum. Interest rate on savings accounts with post offices is determined by Government of India. (ix) Supranational Banks: Special Banks have been created to deal with certain international financial matters.World Bank is otherwise known as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) which gives long-term l oans to developing countries for their economic and agricultural development. Asian Development Bank (ADB) is another Supranational Bank which provides finance for the economic development of poor Asian countries. They generally provide finance at concessional interest rates and for long-term needs. These institutions are the creations of World bodies promoted by various countries or central banks of different countries.The European Central Bank established in June 1998 by countries in the European Union is another example of Supranational Bank. (x) International Banks: International Banks are those which are operating in different countries. While, the registered office/head office is situated in one country, they operate through their branches in other countries. They specialize in Banking business pertaining to foreign trade like opening of letters of credit, providing short-term finance in foreign currency, issue of performance guarantee, arranging foreign currency credits, etc. They are the main traders in International Currencies like US ‘dollars', Japanese ‘Yen', the new-born European Currency ‘Euro', etc. They also perform Currency Risk Management functions for clients. These banks are also known as Multinational Banks since, they operate from many countries. These banks make possible the flow of money/credit from one country to from the above, it can be understood that the classification of banks cannot be rigid. We find that banks are providing finance in more than one field that is why, it is rightly said that they are â€Å"Departmental stores of Finance†.